476 research outputs found
Endowment inequality in public goods games: A re-examination
We present a clean test of whether inequality in endowments affects contributions to a public good. It is a clean test because, to our knowledge, it is the first to control for possible endowment effects. We find that the key adverse effect of inequality arises because the rich reduce their contributions when there is inequality
Democratic localism and the implementation of the Community Remedy in England and Wales
This article assesses the development and implementation of the Community Remedy anti-social behaviour policy by Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) in England and Wales. The Community Remedy, introduced by the Anti-Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act (2014), allows victims of âlow-levelâ anti-social behaviour to select an informal action for their offender from a list designed by their local PCC via consultation with the public. This article reports the results of a benchmarking exercise that investigates how PCCs have translated this policy into practice by examining: public consultation procedures; the contents of the Community Remedy documents; and police usage. The findings indicate an uneven implementation across regions with variable levels of engagement from PCCs, police forces and members of the public. We assess the enactment and adoption of this new power alongside its potential to stimulate democratic localism
Level Eulerian Posets
The notion of level posets is introduced. This class of infinite posets has
the property that between every two adjacent ranks the same bipartite graph
occurs. When the adjacency matrix is indecomposable, we determine the length of
the longest interval one needs to check to verify Eulerianness. Furthermore, we
show that every level Eulerian poset associated to an indecomposable matrix has
even order. A condition for verifying shellability is introduced and is
automated using the algebra of walks. Applying the Skolem--Mahler--Lech
theorem, the -series of a level poset is shown to be a rational
generating function in the non-commutative variables and .
In the case the poset is also Eulerian, the analogous result holds for the
-series. Using coalgebraic techniques a method is developed to
recognize the -series matrix of a level Eulerian poset
âDoggednessâ or âdisengagementâ?:An experiment on the effect of inequality in endowment on behaviour in team competitions
Teams often suffer from a free rider problem with respect to individual contributions. That putting teams into competition with each other can mitigate this problem is an important recent insight. However, we know little about how inequality in endowment between teams might influence this beneficial effect from competition. We address this question with an experiment where teams contribute to a public good that then determines their chances of winning a Tullock contest with another team. The boost to efforts from competition disappears when inequality is high. This is mainly because the ârichâ âdisengageâ: they make no more contribution to a public good than they would when there is no competition. There is evidence that the âpoorâ respond to moderate inequality âdoggedlyâ, by expending more effort compared to competition with equality, but this âdoggednessâ disappears too when inequality is high
Postcolonial town planning in Commonwealth nations: A case study of the Solomon Islands - an agenda for change
This is the author's PDF version of an article published in The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs© 2007. The definitive version is available at www.informaworld.comThe principal argument advanced in this paper is that spatial planning in the Solomon Islands has failed to deliver any substantive benefits and is therefore in urgent need of reform. The present model of planning, derived from a combination of colonial practice and legislation originating in the UK, does not add much, if any, value to the development process. The poor quality of planning in the Solomons cannot be seen in isolation. There are similar systems in use throughout much of the Commonwealth and anecdotal evidence suggests that the failings are widely duplicated. The Solomon Islands only appear exceptional in the extent to which other government systems have demonstrably broken down, following the 'Ethnic Tension' of 2000 - 03. The Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) provides a unique opportunity for a review of the way in which planning operates. A number of issues are identified which any reformed system must address
Coordination when there are restricted and unrestricted options
One might expect that, in pure coordination games, coordination would become less frequent as the number of options increases. Contrary to this expectation, we report an experiment which found more frequent coordination when the option set was unrestricted than when it was restricted. To try to explain this result, we develop a method for eliciting the general rules that subjects use to identify salient options in restricted and unrestricted sets. We find that each such rule, if used by all subjects, would generate greater coordination in restricted sets. However, subjects tend to apply different rules to restricted and unrestricted sets
New Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Model to Unravel Neuroprotection Sensors of Neurodegeneration in Retinal Disease
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells sustain photoreceptor integrity, and when this function is disrupted, retinal degenerations ensue. Herein, we characterize a new cell line from human RPE that we termed ABC. These cells remarkably recapitulate human eye native cells. Distinctive from other epithelia, RPE cells originate from the neural crest and follow a neural development but are terminally differentiated into âepithelialâ type, thus sharing characteristics with their neuronal lineages counterparts. Additionally, they form microvilli, tight junctions, and honeycomb packing and express distinctive markers. In these cells, outer segment phagocytosis, phagolysosome fate, phospholipid metabolism, and lipid mediator release can be studied. ABC cells display higher resistance to oxidative stress and are protected from senescence through mTOR inhibition, making them more stable in culture. The cells are responsive to Neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1), which downregulates inflammasomes and upregulates antioxidant and anti-inflammatory genes. ABC gene expression profile displays close proximity to native RPE lineage, making them a reliable cell system to unravel signaling in uncompensated oxidative stress (UOS) and retinal degenerative disease to define neuroprotection sites.Fil: Asatryan, Aram. State University of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: Calandria, Jorgelina M.. State University of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: Kautzmann, Marie-Audrey. State University of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: Jun, Bokkyoo. State University of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: Gordon, William C.. State University of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: Do, Khanh V. State University of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: Bhattacharjee, S.. State University of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: Pham, Thang L.. State University of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: BermĂșdez, Vicente. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - BahĂa Blanca. Instituto de Investigaciones BioquĂmicas de BahĂa Blanca. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto de Investigaciones BioquĂmicas de BahĂa Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de BiologĂa, BioquĂmica y Farmacia; ArgentinaFil: Mateos, Melina Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - BahĂa Blanca. Instituto de Investigaciones BioquĂmicas de BahĂa Blanca. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto de Investigaciones BioquĂmicas de BahĂa Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de BiologĂa, BioquĂmica y Farmacia; ArgentinaFil: Heap, Jessica. State University of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: Bazan, NicolĂĄs G.. State University of Louisiana; Estados Unido
Orbital characterization of the \beta Pictoris b giant planet
In June 2010, we confirmed the existence of a giant planet in the disk of the
young star Beta Pictoris, located between 8 AU and 15 AU from the star. This
young planet offers the rare opportunity to monitor a large fraction of the
orbit using the imaging technique over a reasonably short timescale. Using the
NAOS-CONICA adaptive-optics instrument (NACO) at the Very Large Telescope
(VLT), we obtained repeated follow-up images of the Bpic system in the Ks and
L' filters at four new epochs in 2010 and 2011. Complementing these data with
previous measurements, we conduct a homogeneous analysis, which covers more
than eight yrs, to accurately monitor the Bpic b position relative to the star.
On the basis of the evolution of the planet's relative position with time, we
derive the best-fit orbital solutions for our measurements. More reliable
results are found with a Markov-chain Monte Carlo approach. The solutions favor
a low-eccentricity orbit e < 0.17, with semi-major axis in the range 8--9 AU
corresponding to orbital periods of 17--21 yrs. Our solutions favor a highly
inclined solution with a peak around i=88.5+-1.7 deg, and a longitude of
ascending node tightly constrained at Omega = -147.5+-1.5 deg. These results
indicate that the orbital plane of the planet is likely to be above the
midplane of the main disk, and compatible with the warp component of the disk
being tilted between 3.5 deg and 4.0 deg. This suggests that the planet plays a
key role in the origin of the inner warped-disk morphology of the Bpic disk.
Finally, these orbital parameters are consistent with the hypothesis that the
planet is responsible for the transit-like event observed in November 1981, and
also linked to the cometary activity observed in the Bpic system.Comment: 10 pages, 12 figures, accepted to A&
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