Situación actual del estudiante de Medicina en Colombia

The essence of Medicine is service to the human being, and its teaching is carried out through the clinical method and a set of skills that the student must acquire throughout his training. However, it is possible that there is a pedagogical problem in the current model that makes doctors and students feel dissatisfied with their academic process, affecting their professional lives. The purpose of this review is to present some aspects that are experienced as a medical student in Colombia, the implications that the use of technology has had in medical training, and its impact on work and academic life.La esencia de la Medicina es el servicio al ser humano, y su enseñanza se realiza por medio del método clínico y un conjunto de habilidades que el estudiante debe adquirir durante toda su formación. Sin embargo, es posible que haya un problema pedagógico en el modelo actual que hace que los médicos y estudiantes se sientan insatisfechos con su proceso académico, repercutiendo en su vida profesional. El propósito de esta revisión es dar a conocer algunos aspectos que se viven como estudiante de Medicina en Colombia, las implicaciones que ha tenido el uso de la tecnología en la formación médica, y su repercusión en la vida laboral y académica

Novel compound shows in vivo anthelmintic activity in gerbils and sheep infected by Haemonchus contortus

8 páginas, 2 figuras, 2 tablas.The control of gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock is becoming increasingly difficult due to the limited number of available drugs and the rapid development of anthelmintic resistance. Therefore, it is imperative to develop new anthelmintics that are effective against nematodes. Under this context, we tested the potential toxicity of three compounds in mice and their potential anthelmintic efficacy in Mongolian gerbils infected with Haemonchus contortus. The compounds were selected from previous in vitro experiments: two diamine (AAD-1 and AAD-2) and one benzimidazole (2aBZ) derivatives. 2aBZ was also selected to test its efficacy in sheep. In Mongolian gerbils, the benzimidazole reduced the percentage of pre-adults present in the stomach of gerbils by 95% at a dose of 200 mg/kg. In sheep, there was a 99% reduction in the number of eggs shed in faeces after 7 days at a dose of 120 mg/kg and a 95% reduction in the number of worm adults present in the abomasum. In conclusion, 2aBZ could be considered a promising candidate for the treatment of helminth infections in small ruminants. © 2022, The Author(s).Financial support came from MINECO: RETOS (AGL2016-79813-C2-1R/2R) and MICINN/AEI (PID2020- 119035RB-100). EVG was funded by FPU17/00627, FPU17/05346; VCGA, MAB, MCP and LGP are recipients of Junta de Castilla y León (JCyL) (LE082-18, LE051-18, LE135-19, LE096-20, respectively) and MMV by the Spanish “Ramon y Cajal” Programme (Ministerio de Economía y competitividad; MMV, RYC-2015-18368).Peer reviewe

Dasatinib-induced spleen contraction leads to transient lymphocytosis

The tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib is approved for Philadelphia chromosome–positive leukemia, including chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Although effective and well tolerated, patients typically exhibit a transient lymphocytosis after dasatinib uptake. To date, the underlying physiological process linking dasatinib to lymphocytosis remains unknown. Here, we used a small rodent model to examine the mechanism of dasatinib-induced lymphocytosis, focusing on lymphocyte trafficking into and out of secondary lymphoid organs. Our data indicate that lymphocyte homing to lymph nodes and spleen remained unaffected by dasatinib treatment. In contrast, dasatinib promoted lymphocyte egress from spleen with kinetics consistent with the observed lymphocytosis. Unexpectedly, dasatinib-induced lymphocyte egress occurred independently of canonical sphingosine-1-phosphate–mediated egress signals; instead, dasatinib treatment led to a decrease in spleen size, concomitant with increased splenic stromal cell contractility, as measured by myosin light chain phosphorylation. Accordingly, dasatinib-induced lymphocytosis was partially reversed by pharmacological inhibition of the contraction-promoting factor Rho-rho associated kinase. Finally, we uncovered a decrease in spleen size in patients with CML who showed lymphocytosis immediately after dasatinib treatment, and this reduction was proportional to the magnitude of lymphocytosis and dasatinib plasma levels. In summary, our work provides evidence that dasatinib-induced lymphocytosis is a consequence of drug-induced contractility of splenic stromal cell

PET imaging of the autonomic myocardial function: methods and interpretation.

Cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) is mainly applied in myocardial perfusion and viability detection. Noninvasive imaging of myocardial innervation using PET is a valuable additional methodology in cardiac imaging. Novel methods and different PET ligands have been developed to measure presynaptic and postsynaptic function of the cardiac neuronal system. Obtained PET data can be analysed quantitatively or interpreted qualitatively. Thus far, PET is not a widely used clinical application in autonomic heart imaging; however, due to its technical advantages, the excellent properties of the imaging agents, and the availability of tools for quantification, it deserves a better position in the clinic. From a historical point of view, the focus of PET software packages for image analysis was mainly oncology and neurology driven. Actually, commercially available software for cardiac PET image analysis is still only available for the quantification of myocardial blood flow. Thus far, no commercial software package is available for the interpretation and quantification of PET innervation scans. However, image data quantification and analysis of kinetic data can be performed using adjusted generic tools. This paper gives an overview of different neuronal PET ligands, interpretation and quantification of acquired PET data

Determination of Specific Electrocatalytic Sites in the Oxidation of Small Molecules on Crystalline Metal Surfaces

The identification of active sites in electrocatalytic reactions is part of the elucidation of mechanisms of catalyzed reactions on solid surfaces. However, this is not an easy task, even for apparently simple reactions, as we sometimes think the oxidation of adsorbed CO is. For surfaces consisting of non-equivalent sites, the recognition of specific active sites must consider the influence that facets, as is the steps/defect on the surface of the catalyst, cause in its neighbors; one has to consider the electrochemical environment under which the “active sites” lie on the surface, meaning that defects/steps on the surface do not partake in chemistry by themselves. In this paper, we outline the recent efforts in understanding the close relationships between site-specific and the overall rate and/or selectivity of electrocatalytic reactions. We analyze hydrogen adsorption/desorption, and electro-oxidation of CO, methanol, and ammonia. The classical topic of asymmetric electrocatalysis on kinked surfaces is also addressed for glucose electro-oxidation. The article takes into account selected existing data combined with our original works.M.J.S.F. is grateful to PNPD/CAPES (Brazil). J.M.F. thanks the MCINN (FEDER, Spain) project-CTQ-2016-76221-P

Dilemas de la paz territorial en los tiempos del post-acuerdo: Experiencias territoriales en la región del eje cafetero

El presente libro, tejido a múltiples voces, perspectivas, abordajes teóricos y metodológicos, se inscribe en los proyectos editoriales de la región eje cafetero que se alejan de las lecturas dicotómicas o categóricas, por el contrario, transita los laberintos que se abren camino cuando una sociedad se traza la difícil tarea de construir una paz territorial en medio de los escenarios de la guerra. La memoria social, las voces de sobrevivientes, organizaciones sociales, medios de comunicación, posturas oficiales y cívicas, las apuestas pedagógicas por la paz, las lecturas territoriales del conflicto y las múltiples secuelas de las variadas violencias constituyen los horizontes temáticos de los 12 capítulos del presente libro, interpretando las complejas realidades presentes en el corazón de la región cafetera. Resultado de multiplicidad de voces, formaciones disciplinares y experiencias vitales, así como de la diversidad de organizaciones, entidades y universidades que acogieron el llamado del ¨Programa de Investigación en Transiciones, Violencias y Memoria¨ para construir una apuesta editorial recreada en los marcos de la sociología relacional, las cuales, a partir de perspectivas históricas, críticas y situadas, adelantaron análisis situados en la región cafetera en los tiempos del postacuerdo.Ruta Pacífica de las Mujeres ; Sistema Universitario del Eje Cafetero ; Universidad Católica de Manizales ; Universidad Católica de Pereira ; Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Innovación y Extensión Editorial Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira Pereira, Colombia.CONTENIDO Prólogo ....................................................................................................................6 Jefferson Jaramillo Marín Encrucijadas de una paz inacabada. A manera de introducción.....................12 Por: Luis Adolfo Martínez Herrera y Oscar Arango Gaviria PARTE I................................................................................................................20 Las tensiones de la memoria histórica y de los medios de comunicación en el contexto regional ..................................................................................................20 CAPÍTULO UNO.................................................................................................21 La memoria histórica en la región......................................................................22 Alberto Berón Ospina CAPÍTULO DOS .................................................................................................38 La mutación del periodismo en tiempos transicionales....................................39 Juan Antonio Ruiz Romero PARTE II..............................................................................................................73 Excombatientes, reintegrados y sobrevivientes del conflicto armado..............73 CAPÍTULO TRES...............................................................................................74 Una guerra silenciada: enunciaciones iniciales sobre los actores ...................75 y las dinámicas del conflicto armado en el Eje Cafetero ..................................75 Oscar Fernando Martínez Herrera y Miguel Gómez Bermeo CAPÍTULO CUATRO .....................................................................................106 Experiencia institucional de la Agencia para la Reincorporación y la Normalización en la atención de personas que se acogen a procesos de desarme, desmovilización, reintegración y reincorporación en el Eje Cafetero: 2003- 2020 .....................................................................................................................107 José Luis Medrano Benavides, Lina Marcela Duque Ossa, Oscar Fernando Sanmiguel CAPÍTULO CINCO..........................................................................................137 Entre víctimas y victimarios. Percepciones sociales de sobrevivientes del conflicto armado ................................................................................................................138 Luis Adolfo Martínez Herrera y Nicolás Muñoz Giraldo CAPÍTULO SEIS...............................................................................................173 Transición y reincorporación desde el Jimmy Tatamá: entre retórica y territorialidad.....................................................................................................174 Julio César Murillo García PARTE III...........................................................................................................197 Organizaciones sociales, historias y pedagogías regionales para la paz .......197 CAPÍTULO SIETE............................................................................................198 La Unión Patriótica: notas históricas sobre su acción política en el departamento de Risaralda, marzo 28 de 1984 - enero 6 de 1989 ..........................................199 Jahir Rodríguez Rodriguez CAPÍTULO OCHO ...........................................................................................250 Quinchía: memoria latente de un pueblo ultrajado. Reflexiones sobre la reparación simbólica..........................................................................................251 Gina M. Arias-Rodríguez y Érika V. Tobón-González CAPÍTULO NUEVE .........................................................................................279 La escuela de liderazgo para la paz: seis años al servicio dela educación para la paz ...................................................................................................................280 Oscar Arango Gaviria CAPÍTULO DIEZ..............................................................................................313 Una experiencia de formación para la paz ......................................................314 Claudia Mónica Londoño V. y Claudia Patricia Herrera G.. ........................314 PARTE IV...........................................................................................................338 Secuelas del conflicto armado y redefiniciones de las nociones de memoria y transiciones..........................................................................................................338 CAPÍTULO ONCE............................................................................................339 Comprensiones psicosociales sobre la desaparición forzada en Colombia...340 Mitzin Guadalupe Mata Mata y Mauricio Orozco Vallejo CAPÍTULO DOCE............................................................................................362 Narrativas, obsolescencias y hegemonías.........................................................363 Camilo Lozano River

International lower limb collaborative (INTELLECT) study: a multicentre, international retrospective audit of lower extremity open fractures

Trauma remains a major cause of mortality and disability across the world1, with a higher burden in developing nations2. Open lower extremity injuries are devastating events from a physical3, mental health4, and socioeconomic5 standpoint. The potential sequelae, including risk of chronic infection and amputation, can lead to delayed recovery and major disability6. This international study aimed to describe global disparities, timely intervention, guideline-directed care, and economic aspects of open lower limb injuries

Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean: Regional Estimates and Distribution Patterns

This paper provides an analysis of the distribution patterns of marine biodiversity and summarizes the major activities of the Census of Marine Life program in the Caribbean region. The coastal Caribbean region is a large marine ecosystem (LME) characterized by coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrasses, but including other environments, such as sandy beaches and rocky shores. These tropical ecosystems incorporate a high diversity of associated flora and fauna, and the nations that border the Caribbean collectively encompass a major global marine biodiversity hot spot. We analyze the state of knowledge of marine biodiversity based on the geographic distribution of georeferenced species records and regional taxonomic lists. A total of 12,046 marine species are reported in this paper for the Caribbean region. These include representatives from 31 animal phyla, two plant phyla, one group of Chromista, and three groups of Protoctista. Sampling effort has been greatest in shallow, nearshore waters, where there is relatively good coverage of species records; offshore and deep environments have been less studied. Additionally, we found that the currently accepted classification of marine ecoregions of the Caribbean did not apply for the benthic distributions of five relatively well known taxonomic groups. Coastal species richness tends to concentrate along the Antillean arc (Cuba to the southernmost Antilles) and the northern coast of South America (Venezuela – Colombia), while no pattern can be observed in the deep sea with the available data. Several factors make it impossible to determine the extent to which these distribution patterns accurately reflect the true situation for marine biodiversity in general: (1) highly localized concentrations of collecting effort and a lack of collecting in many areas and ecosystems, (2) high variability among collecting methods, (3) limited taxonomic expertise for many groups, and (4) differing levels of activity in the study of different taxa