Security for Multi-hop Communication of Two-tier Wireless Networks with Different Trust Degrees

Many effective strategies for enhancing network performance have been put forth for wireless communications' physical-layer security. Up until now, wireless communications security and privacy have been optimized based on a set assumption on the reliability or network tiers of certain wireless nodes. Eavesdroppers, unreliable relays, and trustworthy cooperative nodes are just a few examples of the various sorts of nodes that are frequently categorized. When working or sharing information for one another, wireless nodes in various networks may not always have perfect trust in one another. Modern wireless networks' security and privacy may be enhanced in large part by optimizing the network based on trust levels. To determine the path with the shortest total transmission time between the source and the destination while still ensuring that the private messages are not routed through the untrusted network tier, we put forth a novel approach. To examine the effects of the transmit SNR, node density, and the percentage of the illegitimate nodes on various network performance components, simulation results are provided

COMMON CHALLENGES IN VIETNAMESE-ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH-MAJORED JUNIORS AT TAY DO UNIVERSITY, VIETNAM

It is undoubted that translation plays an indispensable role in exchanging information, news, culture, literature and sciences among people globally. In other words, translation facilitates communication and understanding between people who come from various cultures and speak different languages. Owing to the significance of translation, it is employed as a fundamental subject to English majored students. Nevertheless, it is not an easy subject for students to master. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the obstacles that students often encountered when translating texts from Vietnamese to English. This was a quantitative and qualitative research. The questionnaire and test paper were used as two major instruments to gain the most reliable findings. To achieve the goal, 74 English majored juniors from both English 10A and 10B at Tay Do University were selected as the sample for this research. The results showed that English majored juniors faced many challenges in Vietnamese-English translation, consisting of vocabulary, grammatical structures and cultural aspects. Article visualizations

Self-injurious Behavior of Children with Autism in Vietnam: Across Sectional Study

This study explored self-injurious behaviour (SIB) of autistic children in Vietnam through a crosssectional design. 60 informants, including 57 parents and 3 caregivers completed the questionnaire on problem behaviour consisting of aggression, self-injury, stereotyping, property destruction, other problem behaviours and their functions. Results revealed that children experienced all mentioned problem behaviours, especially self-injurious behaviour. The topographies of self-injurious behaviour of the children included head-hitting, head-scratching, head-banging, hair-pulling, face-hitting, facepuncturing with a pen, ear-scratching, lip-picking, hand-biting, hand-scratching, hand-pinching, and belly-scratching. The most common area of self-injurious behaviour is the head. The functions of these problem behaviours were expressed in four types (social positive reinforcement, social negative reinforcement, automatic positive reinforcement and automatic negative reinforcement). Social positive reinforcement appeared as a prominent function. Out of these 57 children, 21 of them who were autistic with self-injurious behaviour went through a functional behaviour assessment (FBA) in which the four conditions known as attention, tangible items, escape from task/activities, automatic stimulation were tested. The results of functional behaviour assessment (FBA) further indicated the correspondence between the FAST-R and FBA outcome on function of problem behaviour, especially self-injurious behaviour. The research concluded that the prominent function of these self-injurious behaviours was social function. It means self-injurious behaviours usually occur within a condition of social interaction, especially, in this present study, in the tangible condition. The antecedent of selfinjurious behaviour is the removal of tangibles (e.g. food, preferred items). This paper contributes to our knowledge of self-injurious behaviour of children with autism in Vietnam where empirical research of this field was still very rare

Chemical diversity of essential oils of rhizomes of six species of Zingiberaceae family

In this study, the essential oils from the rhizomes of six species belonging to the Zingiberaceae family, including Zingiber zerumbet, Curcuma pierreana, Globba macrocarpa, Alpinia conchigera, Stahlianthus campanulatus and Amomum sp., collected in Binh Chau-Phuoc Buu Nature Reserve were isolated using hydrodistillation, and their constituents were identified via Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. A total of 91 constituents have been identified from essential oils. These compounds were classified into 4 clusters by Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) analysis. The principal constituents of the essential oils isolated from four species, C. pierreana, S. campanulatus, A. conchigera, and Z. zerumbet contained camphene (18.82%), α-copaene (11.75%), p-xylene (21.86%), and α-santalene (17.91%), which were significantly different from those in previous reports. Furthermore, this study revealed the chemical constituents of essential oils of G. macrocarpa and Amomum sp. for the first time. Accordingly, artemisia triene (22.21%), β-pinene (13.57%), 4,6,8-trimethylazulene (11.1%), 2-tert-butylquinoline (9.86%), β-patchoulene (7.06%), α-elemene (6.93%), and β-ocimene (6.0%) were the major compounds in essential oils of G. macrocarpa rhizomes whereas the oil of Amomum sp. was found to be rich in 2-carene (21.82%), fenchyl acetate (14.26%), 3-carene (8.28%), bornyl acetate (7.7%), and D-limonene (7.13%)

Antibiotic use and prescription and its effects on Enterobacteriaceae in the gut in children with mild respiratory infections in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. A prospective observational outpatient study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Treatment guidelines do not recommend antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections (ARI), except for streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis and pneumonia. However, antibiotics are prescribed frequently for children with ARI, often in absence of evidence for bacterial infection. The objectives of this study were 1) to assess the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions for mild ARI in paediatric outpatients in relation to available guidelines and detected pathogens, 2) to assess antibiotic use on presentation using questionnaires and detection in urine 3) to assess the carriage rates and proportions of resistant intestinal Enterobacteriaceae before, during and after consultation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were prospectively enrolled in Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and diagnoses, prescribed therapy and outcome were recorded on first visit and on follow-up after 7 days. Respiratory bacterial and viral pathogens were detected using molecular assays. Antibiotic use before presentation was assessed using questionnaires and urine HPLC. The impact of antibiotic usage on intestinal Enterobacteriaceae was assessed with semi-quantitative culture on agar with and without antibiotics on presentation and after 7 and 28 days. RESULTS: A total of 563 patients were enrolled between February 2009 and February 2010. Antibiotics were prescribed for all except 2 of 563 patients. The majority were 2nd and 3rd generation oral cephalosporins and amoxicillin with or without clavulanic acid. Respiratory viruses were detected in respiratory specimens of 72.5% of patients. Antibiotic use was considered inappropriate in 90.1% and 67.5%, based on guidelines and detected pathogens, respectively. On presentation parents reported antibiotic use for 22% of patients, 41% of parents did not know and 37% denied antibiotic use. Among these three groups, six commonly used antibiotics were detected with HPLC in patients' urine in 49%, 40% and 14%, respectively. Temporary selection of 3rd generation cephalosporin resistant intestinal Enterobacteriaceae during antibiotic use was observed, with co-selection of resistance to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. CONCLUSIONS: We report overuse and overprescription of antibiotics for uncomplicated ARI with selection of resistant intestinal Enterobacteriaceae, posing a risk for community transmission and persistence in a setting of a highly granular healthcare system and unrestricted access to antibiotics through private pharmacies. REGISTRATION: This study was registered at the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trials Number registry under number ISRCTN32862422: http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN32862422

Safety and efficacy of fluoxetine on functional outcome after acute stroke (AFFINITY): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background Trials of fluoxetine for recovery after stroke report conflicting results. The Assessment oF FluoxetINe In sTroke recoverY (AFFINITY) trial aimed to show if daily oral fluoxetine for 6 months after stroke improves functional outcome in an ethnically diverse population. Methods AFFINITY was a randomised, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial done in 43 hospital stroke units in Australia (n=29), New Zealand (four), and Vietnam (ten). Eligible patients were adults (aged ≥18 years) with a clinical diagnosis of acute stroke in the previous 2–15 days, brain imaging consistent with ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke, and a persisting neurological deficit that produced a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 1 or more. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 via a web-based system using a minimisation algorithm to once daily, oral fluoxetine 20 mg capsules or matching placebo for 6 months. Patients, carers, investigators, and outcome assessors were masked to the treatment allocation. The primary outcome was functional status, measured by the mRS, at 6 months. The primary analysis was an ordinal logistic regression of the mRS at 6 months, adjusted for minimisation variables. Primary and safety analyses were done according to the patient's treatment allocation. The trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12611000774921. Findings Between Jan 11, 2013, and June 30, 2019, 1280 patients were recruited in Australia (n=532), New Zealand (n=42), and Vietnam (n=706), of whom 642 were randomly assigned to fluoxetine and 638 were randomly assigned to placebo. Mean duration of trial treatment was 167 days (SD 48·1). At 6 months, mRS data were available in 624 (97%) patients in the fluoxetine group and 632 (99%) in the placebo group. The distribution of mRS categories was similar in the fluoxetine and placebo groups (adjusted common odds ratio 0·94, 95% CI 0·76–1·15; p=0·53). Compared with patients in the placebo group, patients in the fluoxetine group had more falls (20 [3%] vs seven [1%]; p=0·018), bone fractures (19 [3%] vs six [1%]; p=0·014), and epileptic seizures (ten [2%] vs two [<1%]; p=0·038) at 6 months. Interpretation Oral fluoxetine 20 mg daily for 6 months after acute stroke did not improve functional outcome and increased the risk of falls, bone fractures, and epileptic seizures. These results do not support the use of fluoxetine to improve functional outcome after stroke

Exploring the relationship between spiritual well-being and psychological well-being among religious sisters in Vietnam

This study explored the relationship between spiritual well-being and psychological well-being among religious sisters in Vietnam. In order to achieve breadth and depth in the understanding of this phenomenon, the researcher employed the explanatory sequential mixed method design. 271 sisters (135 novices and 136 senior sisters) completed questionnaires about spiritual well-being and psychological well-being, 10 novices and 10 senior sisters were then selected for in-depth interviews. The results of regression analyses showed that overall spiritual well-being is a significant predictor of psychological well-being among the sisters. Personal component of spiritual well-being alone and environmental well-being of spiritual well-being alone were significant predictors of psychological well-being among novices and senior sisters respectively. The interviews substantiated these results. It further revealed that Transcendental and communal component of spiritual well-being still appears in the picture of the relationship between spiritual well-being and psychological well-being among the sisters. These components, however, manifested itself in different ways among the novices and the senior sisters. The findings specifically showed that the experience of spiritual well-being within the personal component benefits personal growth, environmental control, self-acceptance, purpose in life and emotional stability among the novices. The experience of spiritual well-being in environmental component, on the other hand, benefits peace of mind, self-acceptance and others-acceptance, increased ability of problem solving skills, increased happiness and a better physical health among senior sisters. The implications of the study for religious sisters, for counseling practice and for future research have discussed

Quark mass generation and mixing; and the next-to-leading order QCD calculation for hadron-hadron elastic collisions

This thesis is arranged in two distinct parts. The first part involves the construction of a novel dynamical scheme which is capable of generating the masses of the quarks and the elements of the Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix, and which does not rely upon the Higgs mechanism. The up quarks acquire their masses by coupling to a new heavy fermion via emission and reabsorption of a new scalar boson. The down quarks, on the other hand, obtain their masses via a correction to the up mass matrix as a result of an anomalous flavour changing interaction of the $W sp pm$. Extensions of the mass generation model are proposed and discussed. The second part involves the leading-log s study of hadron-hadron elastic scattering to order $alpha sb{s} sp3$. By introducing wave functions, it is found that there are three types of form factor for the proton, and two for the pion. These form factors turn out to cancel the infrared divergence which occurs in quark-quark scattering. To this order in $alpha sb{s}$, the amplitude of such elastic scattering is shown to have the form $sim$(1 + log(s)($alpha sb{o}$ + $alpha sp prime t$ + $O(t sp2))$ for the imaginary part and a constant $sim alpha sb{odd}$ for the real part, where s and t are the usual Mandelstam variables, and the $alpha$'s are constants

Outbreak of Sexually Transmitted Nongroupable Neisseria meningitidis–Associated Urethritis, Vietnam

We report on an outbreak of nongroupable Neisseria meningitidis–associated urethritis, primarily among men who have sex with men in southern Vietnam. Nearly 50% of N. meningitidis isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. This emerging pathogen should be considered in the differential diagnosis and management of urethritis