Las redes de sociabilidad de los oidores de Lima. Cultura política, redes clientelares y gestión del poder en Lima virreinal (1745-1761)

Esta investigación aborda la importancia de los vínculos personales en la gestión del poder en el Perú a mediados del siglo XVIII, a partir del estudio del caso de las redes clientelares de los oidores de la Audiencia de Lima entre los años 1745 Y 1761. Estas redes se hacen visibles en el contexto de los conflictos entre el arzobispo de Lima, Pedro Antonio Barroeta y Ángel, el virrey conde de Superunda y las facciones de la élite limeña. Tomando como punto de partida las denuncias cruzadas entre estos actores, se analiza la interacción de las redes locales con la corte del virrey, en un contexto de cambios en la cultura política y en los mecanismos de gobierno que se producen a raíz de las reformas borbónicas. A partir del caso de la familia extensa del oidor Pedro Bravo del Rivero, se examina también cómo las estrategias familiares de ascenso social se vieron condicionadas tanto por la conversión de la corte de Madrid en el gran centro de negociación de mercedes reales, como por la limitación impuesta a la venalidad de cargos jurisdiccionales. Finalmente, se trata de comprender la injerencia de estas redes clientelares limeñas en el proceso de legalización del reparto mercantil que se produjo a inicios de la década de 1750, poniéndose en evidencia la estrecha relación entre oidores, corregidores y otros oficiales reales, con poderosos locales y comerciantes a la hora de beneficiarse de este pingüe negocio. Al menos en estos años, los oidores y su entorno clientelar lograron incorporar a sus filas a una muy reducida familia del virrey y gestionar la reventa de cargos de corregidores y el beneficio de corregimientos interinosTesi

Infección durante precosecha por Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis y Phacidium lacerum y su expresión durante poscosecha en frutos de manzanas cv. Cripps Pink

36 p.Chile actualmente lidera la exportación de manzanas (Malus x domestica) en el hemisferio Sur, con una superficie cultivada de 37.207 ha. La VII Región del Maule es la que posee la mayor producción dentro de la industria de manzana con una superficie plantada de manzanos del 60,3% de la superficie nacional. Sin embargo, la producción de este frutal se ve afectada por varios problemas, entre los que destacan los problemas de pudriciones asociados a hongos. Estos problemas fungosos causantes de pudriciones de frutos son uno de los factores que más inciden en la calidad y condición de la fruta, dentro de los cuales recientemente se han descrito a Phacidium lacerum y Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis. Si bien es cierto, estos hongos no son los principales agentes de pudriciones en postcosecha en Chile ya que son relativamente nuevos en el país, pero por el contrario en otros países (E.E.U.U) ya están muy presentes en los huertos y por ende en los packings causando problemas considerables. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la susceptibilidad a la infección por conidias o micelio de Pha. washingtonensis o P. lacerum, bajo condiciones de campo a partir de 75 hasta 15 días antes de la cosecha, en manzanas cv. Cripps Pink y determinar su expresión después de ser almacenados durante 60 días en cámaras de frio. Los resultados indican que los frutos que son inoculados desarrollan infección de ambos hongos desde los 75 días antes de la cosecha hasta los 15 días antes de cosecha, siendo mayor la lesión desarrollada más temprano en la temporada. Además, las lesiones desarrolladas por las inoculaciones mediante micelio fueron significativamente mayores a las de conidias. Finalmente,todos los frutos inoculados, independiente de la fecha y el método de inoculación, al ser almacenados durante 60 días en cámaras de frío, desarrollaron síntomas de pudriciones en los frutos que en la mayoría de las veces comprometía a todo el fruto./ABSTRACT:Chile leads the export apple fruits (Malus x domestica) in the southern hemisphere, with a cultivated area of 37,207 ha. The Maule Region is the largest production region of the Chilean apple industry, where more than 60% of Chilean commercial apples are cultivated. However, the production of apples is affected by several problems. In this sense, the rots caused by fungi are one of the factors that most affect during pre-and-postharvest of apples. In Chile, recently have been described Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis and Phacidium lacerum. These two fungal species cause considerable problems in the USA (Washington State). Currently, these fungi are not the main postharvest decay agents in Chile since they are relatively new in the country. The objective of this study was to determine when apple cv. Cripps Pink are most susceptible to infection by these fungi by inoculations using conidia or mycelium under field conditions from 75 to 15 days before harvest, in addition to studying how they behaved when stored for 60 days in cold chambers post-harvest. The results indicated that the fruits developed infections of both fungi from 75 days before harvest until 15 days before harvest, with the lesion developed earlier in the season being higher. In addition, lesions developed by mycelial inoculations were significantly greater than those of conidia. Finally, all the fruits inoculated, regardless of the date and method of inoculation, when stored for 60 days in cold chambers at 0°C, were completely rotten

Recent advances in β-galactosidase and fructosyltransferase immobilization technology

The highly demanding conditions of industrial processes may lower the stability and affect the activity of enzymes used as biocatalysts. Enzyme immobilization emerged as an approach to promote stabilization and easy removal of enzymes for their reusability. The aim of this review is to go through the principal immobilization strategies addressed to achieve optimal industrial processes with special care on those reported for two types of enzymes: β-galactosidases and fructosyltransferases. The main methods used to immobilize these two enzymes are adsorption, entrapment, covalent coupling and cross-linking or aggregation (no support is used), all of them having pros and cons. Regarding the support, it should be cost-effective, assure the reusability and an easy recovery of the enzyme, increasing its stability and durability. The discussion provided showed that the type of enzyme, its origin, its purity, together with the type of immobilization method and the support will affect the performance during the enzymatic synthesis. Enzymes’ immobilization involves interdisciplinary knowledge including enzymology, nanotechnology, molecular dynamics, cellular physiology and process design. The increasing availability of facilities has opened a variety of possibilities to define strategies to optimize the activity and re-usability of β-galactosidases and fructosyltransferases, but there is still great place for innovative developments.Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimento

Design and process of the EMA Cohort Study: the value of antenatal education in childbirth and breastfeeding

© 2008 Paz-Pascual et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licens

Management for sustainable cephalopod fisheries in Europe: review and recommendations

Although cephalopod fisheries are of world-wide importance, in Europe catching cephalopods is managed only in small-scale fisheries, at national level, and few stocks are formally assessed. Because cephalopods are not quota species under the EU’s Common Fisheries Policy, there is currently no requirement for assessment or management at European level. Given increasing interest in targeting cephalopods in Europe, there is a risk that they will be fished unsustainably. Although there have been recent review papers on progress in stock assessment and fishery forecasting for commercially fished cephalopods there has been no recent review of cephalopod fishery management. We aim to fill this gap, with a particular focus on European cephalopod fisheries.We review potential barriers to sustainable fishing and reasons why management of cephalopod fisheries differs from that for finfish fisheries, e.g. due to the high inherent volatility and the possibly cyclic nature of year-to-year variation in cephalopod abundance, reflecting their short lifespan, rapid growth and high sensitivity to environmental conditions. We review fishery management approaches in important cephalopod fisheries worldwide (e.g. in the USA, Japan, Falklands, South Africa, Australia and Russia) and current management of small-scale cephalopod fisheries in Europe. We identify knowledge gaps and limitations to current monitoring programmes and stock assessments and discuss the options available for cephalopod fishery management in Europe, considering the suitability or otherwise of catch and effort limits, use of closed areas and seasons, restrictions on sizes caught and types of fishing gear, and the ole of market-based sustainability pathways.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Atlas de terapias urbanas basado en casos reales

El “Atlas de terapias urbanas1 ” se propone como una herramienta encaminada a facilitar la identificación y evaluación de mejoras urbanas adaptadas a las vocaciones de los diferentes entornos. El objeto de su creación está encaminado a servir en la toma de decisiones inteligentes a las instituciones y actores involucrados en la revitalización de los barrios andaluces. Proponemos una herramienta de mediación, que no solo se base en deficiencias barriales sino también en potencialidades; no solo en los deseos de la ciudadanía, sino también en las vocaciones de los entornos. El presente artículo trata de compendiar, de forma resumida, los avances y documentos internos desarrollados hasta la fecha por los autores que conforman esta investigación. En él se explican los conceptos y procesos fundamentales sobre los que se asienta el diseño de la herramienta buscada

“Touch but don’t look!”: a multi-sensorial experience for divulgation of geology to deafblind people

Comunicación presentada en el XIII Encuentro en Jóvenes Investigadores en Paleontología (XIII EJIP) - XIII Meeting of Early-Stage Researchers in Paleontology (XIII EJIP): Cercedilla, 15 - 18 de Abril de 2015Peer reviewe

Working group on cephalopod fisheries and life history (Wgceph; outputs from 2022 meeting)

Rapports Scientifiques du CIEM. Volume 5, nº 1WGCEPH worked on six Terms of Reference. These involved reporting on the status of stocks; reviewing advances in stock identification, assessment for fisheries management and for the Ma- rine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), including some exploratory stock assessments; re- viewing impacts of human activities on cephalopods; developing identification guides and rec- ommendations for fishery data collection; describing the value chain and evaluating market driv- ers; and reviewing advances in research on environmental tolerance of cephalopods. ToR A is supported by an annual data call for fishery and survey data. During 2019–2021, com- pared to 1990–2020, cuttlefish remained the most important cephalopod group in terms of weight landed along the European North Atlantic coast, while loliginid squid overtook octopus as the second most important group. Short-finned squid remained the least important group in land- ings although their relative importance was almost double in 2019–2022 compared to 1992–2020. Total cephalopod landings have been fairly stable since 1992. Cuttlefish landings are towards the low end of the recent range, part of a general downward trend since 2004. Loliginid squid landings in 2019 were close to the maximum seen during the last 20 years but totals for 2020 and 2021 were lower. Annual ommastrephid squid landings are more variable than those of the other two groups and close to the maximum seen during 1992– 2021. Octopod landings have generally declined since 2002 but the amount landed in 2021 was higher than in the previous four years. Under ToR B we illustrate that the combination of genetic analysis and statolith shape analysis is a promising method to provide some stock structure information for L. forbsii. With the sum- mary of cephalopod assessments, we could illustrate that many cephalopod species could al- ready be included into the MSFD. We further provide material from two reviews in preparation, covering stock assessment methods and challenges faced for cephalopod fisheries management. Finally, we summarise trends in abundance indices, noting evidence of recent declines in cuttle- fish and some octopuses of the genus Eledone. Under ToR C, we describe progress on the reviews of (i) anthropogenic impacts on cephalopods and (ii) life history and ecology. In relation to life history, new information on Eledone cirrhosa from Portugal is included. Under ToR D we provide an update on identification guides, discuss best practice in fishery data collection in relation to maturity determination and sampling intensity for fishery monitoring. Among others, we recommend i) to include the sampling of cephalopods in any fishery that (a) targets cephalopods, (b) targets both cephalopods and demersal fishes or (c) takes cephalopods as an important bycatch, ii) Size-distribution sampling, iii) the use of standardized sampling pro- tocols, iv) an increased sampling effort in cephalopod. Work under ToR E on value chains and market drivers, in conjunction with the Cephs & Chefs INTERREG project, has resulted in two papers being submitted. Abstracts of these are in the report. Finally, progress under ToR F on environmental tolerance limits of cephalopods and climate en- velope models is discussed, noting the need to continue this work during the next cycle.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Geodivulgar: Geología y Sociedad

Con el lema “Geología para todos” el proyecto Geodivulgar: Geología y Sociedad apuesta por la divulgación de la Geología a todo tipo de público, incidiendo en la importancia de realizar simultáneamente una acción de integración social entre estudiantes y profesores de centros universitarios, de enseñanza infantil, primaria, de educación especial y un acercamiento con público con diversidad funcional