Entry with two correlated signals : the case of industrial espionage and its positive competitive effects

Recent advances in information and communication technologies have increased the incentives for firms to acquire information about rivals. These advances may have major implications for market entry because they make it easier for potential entrants to gather valuable information about, for example, an incumbent's cost structure. However, little theoretical research has actually analyzed this question. This paper advances the literature by extending a one-sided asymmetric information version of Milgrom and Roberts' (1982) limit pricing model. Here, the entrant is allowed access to an intelligence system (IS) of a certain precision that generates a noisy signal on the incumbent's cost structure. The entrant thus decides whether to enter the market based on two signals: the price charged by the incumbent and the signal sent by the IS. Crucially, for intermediate values of IS precision, the set of pooling equilibria with ex-ante profitable market entry is non-empty. Moreover, the probability of ex-ante non-profitable entry is strictly positive. In classical limit pricing models, an entrant never enters in a pooling equilibrium, so this result suggests that the use of an IS may potentially increase competition

The habitual chewing side syndrome

Background. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (TMD) are defined as a subgroup of craniofacial pain problems that involve the masticatory musculature, the temporomandibular joints (TMJs), and associated structures. Pain and/or limited mouth opening are the main symptoms. The prevalence of treatment need for TMD in adults was estimated to be 15.6%. The cause of TMD remains unknown; however, TMJ overloads are a recognized factor. Aims. The main goal of this work is to assess an association between functional, dynamic and anatomical characteristics of the masticatory system in patients suffering TMD-pain condition and in healthy groups. With this in mind, our team conducted a series of studies to explain this situation, using strictly the scientific method. Method. The masticatory function of 21 completely dentate participants with chronic temporomandibular disorders (all but one with unilateral symptoms) was assessed by observing them eat almonds, inspecting the lateral horizontal movement of the jaw, with kinesiography, and by means of interview. The condylar path in the sagittal plane and the lateral anterior guidance angles with respect to the Frankfort horizontal plane in the frontal plane were measured on both sides in each individual. Results. Sixteen of 20 participants with unilateral symptoms chewed on the affected side; the concordance (Fisher’s exact test, P = .003) and the concordance-symmetry level (Kappa coefficient k = 0.689; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38 to 0.99; P=.002) were significant. The mean condylar path angle was steeper (53.47(10.88) degrees versus 46.16(7.25) degrees; P = .001), and the mean lateral anterior guidance angle was flatter (41.63(13.35) degrees versus 48.32(9.53) degrees P = .036) on the symptomatic side. Study power: with a sample size of 19, and assuming a two-sided test at the 0.05 level, the study had power of 0.8 to detect a value of Kappa of 0.6 or larger when testing the null hypothesis that Kappa = 0. Interpretation. The results of this study support the use of a new term based on etiology, ‘‘habitual chewing side syndrome’’, instead of the nonspecific symptom-based ‘‘temporomandibular joint disorders’’; this denomination is characterized in adults by a steeper condylar path, flatter lateral anterior guidance, and habitual chewing on the symptomatic side. Additionally, because muscular activity is responsible for TMJ-loads, muscular coactivation was assessed using surface electromyography (sEMG); although limited, sEMG could inform about some subclinical condition and about the type of muscular co-activation and their asymmetry in TMD patients, that could be of interest to elucidate the physiology of this conditionand showing moderate discriminatory capacity between TMD or healthy subjects. Lastly, this study evaluated incisal forces and muscular coactivation simultaneously. It is suggested that mean incisal forces promote equilibrated muscular coactivation; however, submaximal incisal effective forces required the activation mainly of masseter muscles; due that masseter muscles are responsibles for TMJ-loads, this study allow infer TMJ loads increases during submaximal incisal bitting; probably this task should be avoided in TMD patients. Funding. This study was financed with a grant PI11/02507 from the Institute of Health Carlos III of the Ministry of Science and Innovation of the Government of Spain. It was completed with the equipment granted by the General Directorate of Universities and Research; Department of Education and University. Xunta de Galicia. Official Journal No. 143 Galicia, July 22, 1996. And the Department of Innovation, Industry and Commerce. Xunta de Galicia, April 30, 2004. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Control interno y control patrimonial de una Institución Publica, 2021

El presente estudio de investigación tuvo como objetivo principal precisar de qué manera se relacionan el control interno y control patrimonial de una Institución Pública, 2021. Se aplicó la metodología de nivel correlacional, enfoque cuantitativo, de corte transversal, el diseño fue no experimental, porque se realiza sin manipular deliberadamente resultados de las dimensiones y variables; la técnica que se utilizó fue la encuesta estructurada que consiste en recopilar la información en la muestra de estudio, los instrumentos fueron cuestionarios para cada variable de estudio; Los resultados determinaron que el control interno se relaciona significativamente con el control patrimonial, el cual se obtuvo una correlación de Pearson igual a 0,962, que expresa una correlación positiva entre ambas variables, así como el control interno con las dimensiones de control patrimonial como activos fijos, bienes depreciables y existencias en almacén, tienen un grado de correlación moderada y baja respectivamente.The main objective of this research study was to specify how the internal control and patrimonial control of a Public Institution is related 2021. The methodology of correlational level, quantitative, cross-sectional approach was applied, the design was non-experimental, because it is done without deliberately manipulating results of the dimensions and variables; The technique used was the structured survey that consists of collecting the information in the study sample, the instruments were questionnaires for each study variable; The results determined that internal control is significantly related to wealth control, which obtained a Pearson correlation equal to 0.962, which expresses a positive correlation between both variables, as well as internal control with the dimensions of wealth control as fixed assets. , depreciable goods and inventory in storage, have a moderate and low degree of correlation respectively

Temporomandibular disorders: the habitual chewing side syndrome

Background:Temporomandibular disorders are the most common cause of chronic orofacial pain, but, except where theyoccur subsequent to trauma, their cause remains unknown. This cross-sectional study assessed chewing function (habitualchewing side) and the differences of the chewing side and condylar path and lateral anterior guidance angles in participantswith chronic unilateral temporomandibular disorder. This is the preliminary report of a randomized trial that aimed to testthe effect of a new occlusal adjustment therapy.Methods:The masticatory function of 21 randomly selected completely dentate participants with chronic temporoman-dibular disorders (all but one with unilateral symptoms) was assessed by observing them eat almonds, inspecting the lateralhorizontal movement of the jaw, with kinesiography, and by means of interview. The condylar path in the sagittal plane andthe lateral anterior guidance angles with respect to the Frankfort horizontal plane in the frontal plane were measured onboth sides in each individual.Results:Sixteen of 20 participants with unilateral symptoms chewed on the affected side; the concordance (Fisher’s exacttest, P = .003) and the concordance-symmetry level (Kappa coefficientk= 0.689; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38 to 0.99;P = .002) were significant. The mean condylar path angle was steeper (53.47(10.88) degrees versus 46.16(7.25) degrees;P = .001), and the mean lateral anterior guidance angle was flatter (41.63(13.35) degrees versus 48.32(9.53) degrees P = .036)on the symptomatic side.Discussion:The results of this study support the use of a new term based on etiology, ‘‘habitual chewing side syndrome’’,instead of the nonspecific symptom-based ‘‘temporomandibular joint disorders’’; this denomination is characterized inadults by a steeper condylar path, flatter lateral anterior guidance, and habitual chewing on the symptomatic sideThis study was financed with a grant PI11/02507 from the Institute of Health Carlos III of the Ministry of Science and Innovation of the Government of Spain. It was completed with the equipment granted by the General Directorate of Universities and Research; Department of Education and University. Xunta de Galicia. Official Journal No. 143 Galicia, July 22, 1996. And the Department of Innovation, Industry and Commerce. Xunta de Galicia, April 30, 2004S

One-pot two-step process for direct propylene oxide production catalyzed by bi-functional Pd(Au)@TS-1 materials

[EN] Different bi-functional materials (Pd(Au)@TS-1) based on metallic nanoparticles supported onto active nanocrystalline titanium silicalite (TS-1) zeolites were synthesized, characterized and used as recyclable heterogeneous catalysts for direct propylene oxide production from hydrogen, oxygen and propylene through one-pot two-step consecutive process. These catalysts allowed carrying out the combined reaction where metallic nanoparticles catalyzed the formation of in situ H2O2 that was the necessary intermediate for propylene epoxidation catalyzed by active TS-1 nanocrystalline support. Several variables were considered such as use of supercritical CO2 conditions, modifiable content of metallic species, and presence of additional co-solvents, surface acidity inhibitors and H2O2 stabilizers. Reusability and stability of the bi-functional catalyst was showed through consecutive catalytic cycles.The research leading to these results has received funding from European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme, through the Collaborative Project INCAS, Contract Nr. NMP2-LA-2010- 245988. Authors thank additional funds from Spanish Government (MAT2014-52085-C2-1-P and Severo Ochoa Excellence Program SEV-2012-0267).Prieto Arnal, A.; Palomino Roca, M.; Díaz Morales, UM.; Corma Canós, A. (2016). One-pot two-step process for direct propylene oxide production catalyzed by bi-functional Pd(Au)@TS-1 materials. Applied Catalysis A: General. 523:73-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2016.05.019S738452

Smart Vehicle to Grid Interface Project: Electromobility Management System Architecture and Field Test Results

This paper presents and discusses the electromobility management system developed in the context of the SMARTV2G project, enabling the automatic control of plug-in electric vehicles' (PEVs') charging processes. The paper describes the architecture and the software/hardware components of the electromobility management system. The focus is put in particular on the implementation of a centralized demand side management control algorithm, which allows remote real time control of the charging stations in the field, according to preferences and constraints expressed by all the actors involved (in particular the distribution system operator and the PEV users). The results of the field tests are reported and discussed, highlighting critical issues raised from the field experience.Comment: To appear in IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference (IEEE IEVC 2014

Los Seguros de Medicina Prepagada; su naturaleza contractual y un análisis de inconstitucionalidad del nuevo cuerpo normativo que las regula

En el Ecuador, el 17 de octubre de 2016, fue publicado en el Registro Oficial la “Ley Orgánica que Regula a las Compañías que financien Servicios de Atención Integral de Salud Prepagada y a las de Seguros que oferten cobertura de Seguros de Asistencia Médica”. Este cuerpo legal derogó la antigua “Ley que regula el funcionamiento de las empresas privadas de salud y medicina prepa-gada”, publicada en el Registro Oficial No. 12, el 26 de agosto de 1998. El nuevo cuerpo normativo entró en vigencia 180 días después de su publicación en el Registro Oficial, causando una serie de críticas por su contenido aparentemente inconstitucional e incompatible con los derechos consti-tucionales de salud, libertad de asociación y libertad de empresa. El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la acción de inconstitucionalidad presentada ante la Corte Constitucional, por los máxi-mos representantes de los Seguros de Salud y Asistencia Médica Prepagada del Ecuador. Las im-plicaciones constitucionales y regulatorias que implica el cuerpo normativo en análisis, para lo cual, se incluye una breve introducción al Seguro donde consta su origen histórico, naturaleza como contrato y una introducción sumaría a la rama de la medicina prepagada. El estudio en cuestión demostrará la amenaza inminente que la Ley de Medicina Prepagada representa para el mercado de seguros; partiendo desde la desvirtuación de los principios elementales de cálculo del riesgo, la libertad de empresa bajo subterfugio del fin social del seguro y el contexto político-económico que se relaciona al cuerpo normativo. Palabras Clave: Seguros, prima, riesgo, inconstitucionalidad, contrato, universalidad, gratuidad. Abstrac tIn Ecuador, in October 17 2016 the normative body called “Ley Orgánica que Regula a las Com-pañías que financien Servicios Integrales de Salud Prepagada y a las de Seguros que oferten Asis-tencia Médica” was published in the Registro Oficial. This legal body repealed the old Law that regulates the operation of private health and prepaid medicine companies, published in the Gac-eta Oficial No. 12, on August 26, 1998. The new normative body came into force 180 days after its publication in the Registro Oficial, causing a series of criticisms for its apparently unconstitutional content and incompatible with the constitutional rights of health, freedom of association and free-dom of enterprise. The objective of this article is to analyse the unconstitutionality action presented before the Constitutional Court by the highest representatives of the Health Insurance and Prepaid Medical Assistance of Ecuador. The constitutional and regulatory implications implied by the nor-mative body in analysis, for which a brief introduction to insurance is included where its historical origin, nature as a contract and a summary introduction to the branch of prepaid medicine are included. The study in question will demonstrate the imminent threat that the Prepaid Medicine Law represents for the insurance market; starting from the distortion of the elementary principles of risk calculation, the freedom of business under the subterfuge of the social purpose of insurance and the political-economic context that is related to the normative body. Keywords: Insurance, premium, risk, unconstitutionality, contract, universality, gratuity

Growing modulator agents for the synthesis of Al-MOF-type materials based on assembled 1D structural sub-domains

[EN] Novel aluminium MOF-type materials structured by 1D subdomains, such as organic-inorganic nanoribbons, were synthesized by modifying the conditions of solvothermal synthesis and the nature of the solvents in the presence of aryl monocarboxylate linkers with long alkyl chains, which acted as growth-modulating agents. Specifically, three different families of materials were prepared with various morphological characteristics: (i) isoreticular MIL-53(Al)-type materials, (ii) mesoscopic metalorganic structures and (iii) lamellar aluminium MOFs. The length of the alkyl chain in the aryl linker and the hydrophobic/hydrophilic nature of the solvothermal synthesis media determined the structuration level that was achieved. The derived Al-MOFs are active and stable catalysts for the synthesis of fine chemicals. This was illustrated by the efficient synthesis of 2,3-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine.The authors are grateful for financial support from the Spanish Government under MAT2014-52085-C2-1-P, MAT2017-82288-C2-1-P and Severo Ochoa Excellence Program SEV-2016-0683. J. M. M. thanks predoctoral fellowships from MINECO for economic support. The European Union is also acknowledged for ERC-AdG-2014-671093-SynCatMatchMoreno, JM.; Velty, A.; Vidal Moya, JA.; Díaz Morales, UM.; Corma Canós, A. (2018). Growing modulator agents for the synthesis of Al-MOF-type materials based on assembled 1D structural sub-domains. Dalton Transactions. 47(15):5492-5502. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8DT00394GS549255024715Li, B., Wen, H.-M., Wang, H., Wu, H., Tyagi, M., Yildirim, T., … Chen, B. (2014). A Porous Metal–Organic Framework with Dynamic Pyrimidine Groups Exhibiting Record High Methane Storage Working Capacity. 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N., Ayupov, A. B., & Jhung, S. H. (2017). Iron-containing materials as catalysts for the synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepine from 1,2-phenylenediamine and acetone. Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis, 121(2), 689-699. doi:10.1007/s11144-017-1190-2Fazaeli, R., & Aliyan, H. (2007). Clay (KSF and K10)-supported heteropoly acids: Friendly, efficient, reusable and heterogeneous catalysts for high yield synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives both in solution and under solvent-free conditions. Applied Catalysis A: General, 331, 78-83. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2007.07.030Huang, G., Yang, Q., Xu, Q., Yu, S.-H., & Jiang, H.-L. (2016). Polydimethylsiloxane Coating for a Palladium/MOF Composite: Highly Improved Catalytic Performance by Surface Hydrophobization. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 55(26), 7379-7383. doi:10.1002/anie.201600497Jeganathan, M., & Pitchumani, K. (2014). Solvent-Free Syntheses of 1,5-Benzodiazepines Using HY Zeolite as a Green Solid Acid Catalyst. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2(5), 1169-1176. doi:10.1021/sc400560

Daylight control and performance in office buildings using a novel ceramic louvre system

21 pags., 25 figs., 6 tabs. -- Open Access funded by Creative Commons Atribution Licence 4.0This study examined the design and daylight performance of a new louvre screen for office buildings. The screen was evaluated for three different material finishes: specular aluminium as a traditional material commonly used in louvres, and two types of ceramic finishes, with the intention to reduce the systems’ environmental impact. The new system was assessed taking an unshaded window, a window with a rod screen and a window with venetian blinds as references. Annual performance simulations for a full-scale room, using the lighting software Daysim, were conducted to assess the effect of the three material systems on indoor daylighting levels and distributions using both the traditional Daylight Factor and climate-based daylighting metrics (Daylight Autonomy DA and Useful Daylight Illuminance UDI). The results show that the proposed louvre system can provide satisfactory daylight levels and visual comfort within the room, while ceramics appear as a promising alternative material to be used in the production of advanced daylighting technologies.This work was supported by the Universityof Liverpool, United Kingdom

Asymmetry of dental or joint anatomy or impaired chewing function contribute to chronic temporomandibular joint disorders

Introduction: The etiologies of most chronic temporomandibular joint disorders are unknown. However, an association between habitual chewing on a particular side and chronic temporomandibular joint disorders has been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences between sides (affected vs unaffected) of biodynamic factors (including lateral dental guidance determined by dental anatomy) or condylar path angles (determined by temporomandibular joint morphology) and chewing function (physiological alternate chewing vs single habitual chewing side). The study scope was to investigate possible etiological factors to improve the understanding of temporomandibular joint disorders. The null hypothesis was that no difference would be found between sides that are or are not affected by chronic temporomandibular joint disorders in chewing function or in levels of dental or temporomandibular joint remodeling. Methods: This cross-sectional, double-blind study involved 24 adults with substantial, chronic, unilateral symptoms diagnosed as temporomandibular joint disorders. Chewing function, temporomandibular joint remodeling (using axiography) and dental anatomy (lateral guidance angles using kinesiography) were assessed. Results: Habitual chewing on one particular side was observed in 17 of 24 participants; significantly more (n = 15) chewed on the affected side than on the unaffected side (P = 0.002 in a two-tailed Fisher’s exact test; risk estimate = 4.5; 95% CI 1.326–15.277). The condylar path (CP) angle was steeper on the affected side than on the unaffected side (mean (standard deviation) = 50.52° (9.98°) versus 45.50° (7.98°); P = 0.002 in a two-tailed t-test). The lateral guidance (LG) angles were flatter on the affected side in all 24 participants. Conclusion: Our results suggest that habitual chewing on one side may be associated with increasing condylar path, with flattening lateral guidance angles, and also with chronic temporomandibular joint disorder on the habitual chewing sideThis study was supported by the Carlos III Institute of Health (Ministry of Science and Innovation of the Government of Spain and the European Development Fund, ‘Una manera de hacer Europa’) (grant no. PI11/02507). The design, management, analysis, and reporting of the study are entirely independent of the Carlos III Institute of HealthS