Risk assessment of marking and tracing methods with regards to the welfare of farmed salmonids. Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety

publishedVersio

Proxy Measures of Fitness Suggest Coastal Fish Farms Can Act as Population Sources and Not Ecological Traps for Wild Gadoid Fish

Background: Ecological traps form when artificial structures are added to natural habitats and induce mismatches between habitat preferences and fitness consequences. Their existence in terrestrial systems has been documented, yet little evidence suggests they occur in marine environments. Coastal fish farms are widespread artificial structures in coastal ecosystems and are highly attractive to wild fish. Methodology/Principal Findings: To investigate if coastal salmon farms act as ecological traps for wild Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and saithe (Pollachius virens), we compared proxy measures of fitness between farm-associated fish and control fish caught distant from farms in nine locations throughout coastal Norway, the largest coastal fish farming industry in the world. Farms modified wild fish diets in both quality and quantity, thereby providing farm-associated wild fish with a strong trophic subsidy. This translated to greater somatic (saithe: 1.06–1.12 times; cod: 1.06–1.11 times) and liver condition indices (saithe: 1.4–1.8 times; cod: 2.0–2.8 times) than control fish caught distant from farms. Parasite loads of farm-associated wild fish were modified from control fish, with increased external and decreased internal parasites, however the strong effect of the trophic subsidy overrode any effects of altered loads upon condition. Conclusions and Significance: Proxy measures of fitness provided no evidence that salmon farms function as ecological traps for wild fish. We suggest fish farms may act as population sources for wild fish, provided they are protected from fishing while resident at farms to allow their increased condition to manifest as greater reproductive output.Funding was provided by the Norwegian Research Council Havet og kysten program to the CoastACE project (no: 173384)

Assessing the Influence of Salmon Farming through Total Lipids, Fatty Acids, and Trace Elements in the Liver and Muscle of Wild Saithe Pollachius virens

Saithe Pollachius virens are attracted to uneaten salmon feed underneath cages at open-cage salmon farms in Norway. The aggregated Saithe have modified their feeding habits as they have switched from wild prey to uneaten food pellets, which could lead to physiological and biochemical changes in the Saithe. Variations in profiles of total lipids, fatty acids, and trace elements in Saithe liver and muscle were measured to evaluate the influence of fish feed from salmon farms on wild Saithe populations. Farm-aggregated Saithe had higher fat content in liver tissues than did individuals captured more than 25 km away from farms, but no clear differences were found in muscle tissues. High proportions of fatty acids of terrestrial origin, such as oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids, in liver and muscle tissues of farm-aggregated Saithe reflected the presence of wild Saithe at farms. Accordingly, low proportions of arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids in Saithe tissues mirrored the feeding activity at farms. Variations in specific trace element signatures among fish groups also revealed the farming influence on wild Saithe. High levels of Fe, As, Se, Zn, and B in liver, but also As, B, Li, Hg, and Sr in muscle of Saithe captured away from farms indicated the absence of feeding at farms.This study was part of the project “Evaluation of actions to promote sustainable coexistence between salmon culture and coastal fisheries – ProCoEx” funded by The Norwegian Seafood Research Fund (FHF). The study was also supported by the Norwegian Research Council through the EcoCoast project

Body weight, weight perceptions and food intake patterns. A cross-sectional study among male recruits in the Norwegian National Guard

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Young men tend to have a low intake of vegetables and fruit. Unfortunately, this group is difficult to reach with health information. Furthermore, knowledge about weight perceptions and the relationship to food behaviour among young men is scant. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between BMI, health and weight perceptions and food intake patterns among young men in the military.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Data were collected with a 4-day food diary among 578 male recruits (age 18-26, mean 19.7) in the Norwegian National Guard (response rate 78%), in addition to a questionnaire, including questions about health and weight perceptions, and food frequency when still living at home. Weight and height were objectively measured. Food patterns were explored with principal component analysis, based on the diary data. A multivariate linear regression analysis determined the association between BMI and food patterns, and attitudes to health and slenderness, adjusting for smoking, physical activity and phase of data collection.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Twenty eight percent of the recruits were overweight/obese (BMI > 25 kg/m²). Two-thirds meant that it is important for them to be slender, and these recruits reported more of both light (p = 0.025) and hard (p = 0.016) physical activity than the others. It was a positive association between the recruits' food frequency at home, and the amount of intake in the military camp for several food items. A principal component analysis identified three distinct food patterns, loading on 1) plant foods, 2) fast food/soft drinks, 3) milk/cereals. Those who stated that it is important for them to be slender, or to have good health, did not have significantly different food intake patterns than the others. BMI was inversely related to scores on the plant food pattern, and positive attitudes to slenderness.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The majority of the recruits find it important to be slender. This orientation had a bearing on their physical activity pattern, but less on the food intake pattern. The data also indicate that subjects with high intakes of plant foods were less likely to have a high BMI than others. It is important to raise awareness of healthy eating in young men.</p

Risk assessment of marking and tracing methods with regards to the welfare of farmed salmonids. Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety

publishedVersio

Risk assessment of marking and tracing methods with regards to the welfare of farmed salmonids. Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety

publishedVersio

Risk assessment of marking and tracing methods with regards to the welfare of farmed salmonids. Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety

publishedVersio

Effekter av lakselus på sjøørret - en litteraturoppsummering

Lakselus er en ekstern parasitt på laksefisk i sjøen. Oppdrettslaks kan også være verter for lakselus, og åpne merder med oppdrettslaks bidrar derfor til økt produksjon av lakselus i kystområdene. Formålet med denne rapporten er å oppsummere kunnskap om effekter av lakselus på sjøørret basert på gjennomgang av internasjonale vitenskapelige publikasjoner i journaler og bøker med fagfellevurdering (peer-review). Referanser til såkalt “grå litteratur”, som tekniske rapporter, er i liten grad inkludert. Undersøkelsene som er gjennomgått omfatter alt fra laboratorie- og feltundersøkelser av effekter på individuelle fisk til undersøkelser av bestandseffekter. Lakselus spiser vertsfiskens slim, skinn og vev og forårsaker sår og vevsskader. Laboratorie- og feltundersøkelser har vist at lakselus kan forårsake ubalanse i fiskens osmoregulering (dvs. saltregulering), fysiologisk stress, anemi, redusert appetitt og vekst, økt sårbarhet for sekundære infeksjoner, redusert sykdomsmotstand og økt risiko for dødelighet hos individer av sjøørret. Sjøørret i oppdrettsfrie områder har generelt lave nivå av lakselus. I oppdrettsintensive områder varierer nivået betydelig mellom ulike undersøkelser og områder, fra lave nivå sammenlignbart med oppdrettsfrie områder til så høye nivå at de innebærer en risiko for betydelig økt dødelighet forårsaket av lakselus. Flere undersøkelser har vist høyere lakselusnivå på vill sjøørret nær oppdrettsanlegg sammenlignet med lengre unna. Dette er spesielt fremtredende i områder nærmere oppdrettsanlegg enn 30 km. Blant laksefisk er sjøørret særlig sårbar for lakselus fordi de oppholder seg nær kysten under hele sjøoppholdet, i samme type områder som oppdrettsanleggene gjerne er lokalisert. Basert på undersøkelsene som er gjennomgått kan det konkluderes med at lakseoppdrett medfører økt mengde lakselus i sjøen, og at til tross for tiltak som rutinemessig gjennomføres av fiskeoppdrettsindustrien så har ville sjøørretbestander i intensive oppdrettsområder blitt negativt påvirket av lakselus ved redusert vekst og økt dødelighet i sjøen. Reduksjonen i ville sjøørretbestander på grunn av lakselus kan i de fleste tilfeller ikke tallfestes på grunn av mangel på omfattende overvåkingsdata og undersøkelser av bestandseffekter. Bestandseffekter av lakselus har blitt kvantifisert hos laks ved å sammenligne vekst og overlevelse i sjøen hos grupper av utsatt fisk som har blitt kjemisk beskyttet mot lakselus med ubeskyttede kontrollfisk. Det finnes få slike undersøkelser hos sjøørret, men resultatene for laks tyder på en potensiell reduksjon i antall gytefisk på 12-29 % på grunn av lakselus i oppdrettsintensive områder. Undersøkelser hos laks representerer trolig minimumsestimat for dødelighet hos sjøørret ved de samme lokalitetene, fordi laksesmolt vandrer raskt gjennom kystnære områder på vei til oppvekstområdene i havet, mens sjøørreten forblir i de kystnære områdene under hele sjøoppholdet. lakselus, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, parasitt, infestasjon, sjøørret, Salmo trutta, anadrom laksefisk, litteraturoppsummering, kunnskapsstatus, akvakultur, lakseoppdrett, fiskeoppdrett, livshistorie, sjøvandring, fysiologi, vekst, dødelighet, bestandseffekt© Norsk institutt for naturforskning. Publikasjonen kan siteres fritt med kildeangivelse