Hydrogenophaga defluvii sp nov and Hydrogenophaga atypica sp nov., isolated from activated sludge

Two Gram-negative, oxidase-positive rods (strains BSB 9.5T and BSB 41.8T) isolated from wastewater were studied using a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons demonstrated that both strains cluster phylogenetically within the family Comamonadaceae: the two strains shared 99·9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and were most closely related to the type strains of Hydrogenophaga palleronii (98·5 %) and Hydrogenophaga taeniospiralis (98·0 %). The fatty acid patterns and substrate-utilization profiles displayed similarity to the those of the five Hydrogenophaga species with validly published names, although clear differentiating characteristics were also observed. The two strains showed DNA–DNA hybridization values of 51 % with respect to each other. No close similarities to any other Hydrogenophaga species were detected in hybridization experiments with the genomic DNAs. On the basis of these results, two novel Hydrogenophaga species, Hydrogenophaga defluvii sp. nov. and Hydrogenophaga atypica sp. nov. are proposed, with BSB 9.5T (=DSM 15341T=CIP 108119T) and BSB 41.8T (=DSM 15342T=CIP 108118T) as the respective type strains

Unravelling the Stability of Nightingale Song Over Time and Space Using Open, Citizen Science and Shared Data

Open science approaches enable and facilitate the investigation of many scientific questions in bioacoustics, such as studies on the temporal and spatial evolution of song, as in vocal dialects. In contrast to previous dialect studies, which mostly focused on songbird species with a small repertoire, here we studied the common nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos), a bird species with a complex and large repertoire. To study dialects on the population level in this species, we used recordings from four datasets: an open museum archive, a citizen science platform, a citizen science project, and shared recordings from academic researchers. We conducted the to date largest temporal and geographic dialect study of birdsong including recordings from 1930 to 2019 and from 13 European countries, with a geographical coverage of 2,652 km of linear distance. To examine temporal stability and spatial dialects, a catalog of 1,868 song types of common nightingales was created. Instead of dialects, we found a high degree of stability over time and space in both, the sub-categories of song and in the occurrence of song types. For example, the second most common song type in our datasets occurred over nine decades and across Europe. In our case study, open and citizen science data proved to be equivalent, and in some cases even better, than data shared by an academic research group. Based on our results, we conclude that the combination of diverse and open datasets was particularly useful to study the evolution of song in a bird species with a large repertoire

Exploring the impact of the inverse Faraday effect on all-optical helicity-dependent magnetization switching

All-optical helicity-dependent magnetization switching (AO-HDS) is the quickest deterministic technique for data storage by solely using ultrashort laser pulses. Granular high data density magnetic storage media developed for heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) provide an ideal playground to investigate the interplay of effects leading to magnetization switching. In the latest perception, we identify two effects, the magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) and the inverse Faraday effect (IFE), as the forces driving the switching process. During photon absorption, which leads to a rapid temperature rise and thus to magnetization quenching, the MCD ensures two distinct electron temperatures due to helicity-dependent absorption. This effect already holds a nonvanishing probability for magnetization switching. At the same time, the IFE induces a magnetic moment within the material, enhancing the switching probability. We present AO-HDS experiments using ultrashort laser pulses ($\lesssim 200\,\mathrm{fs}$) in the near-infrared range from $800\,\mathrm{nm}$ to $1500\,\mathrm{nm}$. The experiments demonstrate a strong dependence of the switching efficiency on the absorbed energy density, elevating the electron temperature in the vicinity of the Curie point, allowing for the IFE to take full effect, inducing a magnetic moment for deterministic switching in the quenched magnetization state. While we do not observe an enhanced switching due to an increased MCD, a higher induced magnetization usually improves the switching rate if the electron temperature reaches the transition temperature vicinity. Therefore, we conclude that the magnetic moment generated by the IFE is crucial for the switching efficiency and the distinct deterministic character of the switching process. Laser pulses with a higher absorption induce a higher magnetic moment and switch magnetization at lower fluences

Community engagement and data quality: best practices and lessons learned from a citizen science project on birdsong

Citizen Science (CS) is a research approach that has become popular in recent years and offers innovative potential for dialect research in ornithology. As the scepticism about CS data is still widespread, we analysed the development of a 3-year CS project based on the song of the Common Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) to share best practices and lessons learned. We focused on the data scope, individual engagement, spatial distribution and species misidentifications from recordings generated before (2018, 2019) and during the COVID-19 outbreak (2020) with a smartphone using the ‘Naturblick’ app. The number of nightingale song recordings and individual engagement increased steadily and peaked in the season during the pandemic. 13,991 nightingale song recordings were generated by anonymous (64%) and non-anonymous participants (36%). As the project developed, the spatial distribution of recordings expanded (from Berlin based to nationwide). The rates of species misidentifications were low, decreased in the course of the project (10–1%) and were mainly affected by vocal similarities with other bird species. This study further showed that community engagement and data quality were not directly affected by dissemination activities, but that the former was influenced by external factors and the latter benefited from the app. We conclude that CS projects using smartphone apps with an integrated pattern recognition algorithm are well suited to support bioacoustic research in ornithology. Based on our findings, we recommend setting up CS projects over the long term to build an engaged community which generates high data quality for robust scientific conclusions.Gesellschaftliches Engagement und Datenqualität: Bewährte Praktiken und Erfahrungen aus einem bürgerwissenschaftlichen Projekt zum Vogelgesang Citizen Science (CS) ist eine Forschungsmethode, die in den letzten Jahren an Bedeutung gewonnen hat und innovatives Potenzial für die Dialektforschung in der Ornithologie bietet. Da die Vorbehalte gegenüber CS-Daten immer noch weit verbreitet sind, haben wir die Entwicklung eines dreijährigen CS-Projekts zum Gesang der Nachtigall (Luscinia megarhynchos) analysiert, um bewährte Praktiken und gewonnene Erfahrungen darzustellen. Wir fokussierten uns auf den Datenumfang, das individuelle Engagement von Teilnehmenden, die räumliche Verteilung und die Fehlbestimmungen von Arten aus Aufnahmen, die vor (2018, 2019) und während des COVID-19-Ausbruchs (2020) mit einem Smartphone unter Verwendung der "Naturblick" App erstellt wurden. Die Anzahl der Aufnahmen von Nachtigallgesängen und das individuelle Engagement stiegen stetig an und erreichten ihren Höhepunkt in der Saison während der Pandemie. 13.991 Aufnahmen von Nachtigallgesängen wurden von anonymen (64%) und nicht-anonymen Teilnehmenden (36%) erstellt. Im Laufe des Projekts weitete sich die räumliche Verteilung der Aufnahmen aus (von Berlin auf bundesweit). Die Rate der Fehlbestimmungen war gering, ging im Laufe des Projekts zurück (von 10% auf 1%) und wurde hauptsächlich von gesanglichen Ähnlichkeiten mit anderen Vogelarten beeinflusst. Unsere Studie zeigte außerdem, dass das gesellschaftliche Engagement und die Datenqualität nicht direkt von den durchgeführten Disseminationsaktivitäten beeinflusst wurden, sondern dass erstere von externen Faktoren abhingen und letztere von der App profitierte. Wir schließen daraus, dass CS-Projekte, die Smartphone-Apps mit einem integrierten Mustererkennungsalgorithmus verwenden, gut geeignet sind, um die bioakustische Forschung in der Ornithologie zu unterstützen. Auf der Grundlage unserer Ergebnisse empfehlen wir, CS-Projekte langfristig zu etablieren, um eine aktive Teilnehmergemeinschaft (Community) aufzubauen, die qualitativ hochwertige Daten für fundierte wissenschaftliche Schlussfolgerungen generiert

Towards a renormalizable standard model without fundamental Higgs scalar

We investigate the possibility of constructing a renormalizable standard model with purely fermionic matter content. The Higgs scalar is replaced by point-like fermionic self-interactions with couplings growing large at the Fermi scale. An analysis of the UV behavior in the point-like approximation reveals a variety of non-Gaussian fixed points for the fermion couplings. If real, such fixed points would imply nonperturbative renormalizability and evade triviality of the Higgs sector. For point-like fermionic self-interactions and weak gauge couplings, one encounters a hierarchy problem similar to the one for a fundamental Higgs scalar.Comment: 18 pages, 4 figure

Observation of energetic terahertz pulses from relativistic solid density plasmas

We report the first experimental observation of terahertz (THz) radiation from the rear surface of a solid target while interacting with an intense laser pulse. Experimental and two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations show that the observed THz radiation is mostly emitted at large angles to the target normal. Numerical results point out that a large part of the emission originates from a micron-scale plasma sheath at the rear surface of the target, which is also responsible for the ion acceleration. This opens a perspective for the application of THz radiation detection for on-site diagnostics of particle acceleration in laser-produced plasmas

The heterogeneous coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko as seen by ROSINA: H <inf>2</inf> O, CO <inf>2</inf>, and CO from September 2014 to February 2016

Context. The ESA Rosetta mission has been investigating the environment of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P) since August 2014. Among the experiments on board the spacecraft, the ROSINA experiment (Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis) includes two mass spectrometers to analyse the composition of neutrals and ions and a COmet Pressure Sensor (COPS) to monitor the density and velocity of neutrals in the coma. Aims. We study heterogeneities in the coma during three periods starting in October 2014 (summer in the northern hemisphere) and ending in February 2016 (end of winter in the northern hemisphere). We provide a detailed description of the main volatiles dynamics (H2O, CO2, CO) and their abundance ratios. Methods. We analysed and compared the data of the Reflectron-Type Time-Of-Flight (RTOF) mass spectrometer with data from both the Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS) and COPS during the comet escort phase. This comparison has demonstrated that the observations performed with each ROSINA sensor are indeed consistent. Furthermore, we used a Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) model to compare modelled densitites with in situ detections. Results. Our analysis shows how the active regions of the main volatiles evolve with the seasons with a variability mostly driven by the illumination conditions; this is the case except for an unexpected dichotomy suggesting the presence of a dust layer containing water deposited in the northern hemisphere during previous perihelions hiding the presence of CO2. The influence of various parameters is investigated in detail: distance to the comet, heliocentric distance, longitude and latitude of sub-satellite point, local time, and phase angle

Influence of spacecraft outgassing on the exploration of tenuous atmospheres with in situ mass spectrometry

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94765/1/jgra20796.pd

Rosina - Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis

The Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) will answer important questions posed by the mission's main objectives. After Giotto, this will be the first time the volatile part of a comet will be analyzed in situ. This is a very important investigation, as comets, in contrast to meteorites, have maintained most of the volatiles of the solar nebula. To accomplish the very demanding objectives through all the different phases of the comet's activity, ROSINA has unprecedented capabilities including very wide mass range (1 to >300 amu), very high mass resolution (m/Δ m > 3000, i.e. the ability to resolve CO from N2 and 13C from 12CH), very wide dynamic range and high sensitivity, as well as the ability to determine cometary gas velocities, and temperature. ROSINA consists of two mass spectrometers for neutrals and primary ions with complementary capabilities and a pressure sensor. To ensure that absolute gas densities can be determined, each mass spectrometer carries a reservoir of a calibrated gas mixture allowing in-flight calibration. Furthermore, identical flight-spares of all three sensors will serve for detailed analysis of all relevant parameters, in particular the sensitivities for complex organic molecules and their fragmentation patterns in our electron bombardment ion source

2 years with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: H2O, CO2, CO as seen by ROSINA RTOF

The Rosetta space mission investigated comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P) over two years from August 2014 to September 2016. Onboard the spacecraft, the ROSINA experiment included two mass spectrometers to derive the composition of neutrals and ions, and a COmet Pressure Sensor (COPS) to monitor the density and velocity of the neutrals in the coma. We will here analyse and discuss data from the Reflectron-type Time-Of-Flight instrument during the comet escort phase. The RTOF mass spectrometer possessed a wide mass range and a high temporal resolution (Balsiger et al., 2007). The analysis of 67P/C-G's coma major molecules over the mission showed strong variability of the comet coma's main volatiles concentrations (H2O, CO2, CO) and their relative abundances. The 2 years long Rosetta mission allowed us to observe the seasonal evolution in the atmosphere of 67P, in particular the change occurring during the equinoxes and at perihelion. In this work, we analyze the asymmetry in the outgassing rate before and after the perihelion (13/08/2015), the evolution of abundance ratios through the whole mission, and in particular the behavior of the very volatile CO molecules. Density maps projected on the surface of 67P demonstrate the evolution of the three main coma species after the outbound equinox. We will present first results of our comet nucleus thermal modelling used to simulate the internal structure and temperature evolution of 67P at characteristic surface areas. These results will be compared with the coma composition measurements obtained by ROSINA...