DESIGN DISCHARGE OF A PRESSURE IRRIGATION NETWORK USING FUZZY RULES

Η παροχή στα αρδευτικά δίκτυα υπό πίεση έχει μια πιθανοτική προσέγγιση, όπως αναπτύχθηκε από τον Clément. Η προσέγγιση αυτή αποτυγχάνει για τις περιπτώσεις που ο αριθμός των καλλιεργητών υπερβαίνει τον αριθμό των ανοικτών υδροστομίων. Εδώ προτείνεται ένα νέο μοντέλο βασισμένο σε ασαφείς κανόνες που δίνει ικανοποιητικά αποτελέσματα για την παραπάνω περίπτωση της αποτυχίας του μοντέλου Clément. Οι ασαφείς κανόνες αποτελούν την πιο επιτυχημένη εφαρμογή της ασαφούς λογικής, επειδή ανταποκρίνονται στην γλωσσική ασάφεια και στην προσεγγιστική λογική. Στο νέο μοντέλο εισάγονται τρεις συναρτήσεις συμμετοχής που παριστάνουν τον αριθμό των υδροστομίων ως υποθέσεις και απαντήσεις. Επίσης χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τρεις άλλες συναρτήσεις συμμετοχής που παριστάνουν την απόδοση του αντλιοστασίου. Για δεδομένο αριθμό Ν1 καλλιεργητών που υπερβαίνει τον αριθμό Ν των ανοικτών υδροστομίων, εκτιμάται η απόδοση του αντλιοστασίου και η μειωμένη παροχή του δικτύου.The flow on-demand in pressure irrigation networks, has a probabilistic approach, originally developed by Clément. This approach fails to give sufficient answer for cases the number of farmers exceeds the number of open hydrants. Here we propose a new model based on fuzzy rules base, which can give satisfactory results for the above case. Fuzzy rules base is one of the most succefull of fuzzy logic theory, since they capture real world’s inaccurate and approximate structure. In the new model, three membership functions presenting the number of hydrants were used as fuzzy premises and as fuzzy responses. Three other membership functions were used, presenting the efficiency of pumping station. So, for a given number of farmers N1 exceeding the number N of open hydrants, we can estimate the efficiency of pumping station and the reduced discharge

FUZZY MODELS WITH APPLICATION IN HYDROLOGY

Η ανάλυση γραμμικής συσχέτισης βροχομετρικών παρατηρήσεων μεταξύ μετεωρολογικών σταθμών χρησιμοποιείται για να απεικονίσει τη σχέση μεταξύ μιας εξαρτημένης μεταβλητής(συνήθως ο μετεωρολογικός σταθμός με τη μικρότερη περίοδο καταγραφής δεδομένων) και των ανεξαρτήτων μεταβλητών(γειτονικοί σταθμοί με μεγάλη περίοδο καταγραφής). Σε αντίθεση με την κλασσική γραμμική παλινδρόμηση, όπου η διαφορά μεταξύ των παρατηρηθεισών τιμών και των εκτιμηθεισών τιμών εi, θεωρείται ότι οφείλεται σε λάθη παρατήρησης (αλλά και σε άλλες παραμέτρους που τυχόν δεν λήφθηκαν υπόψη, και σε διάφορες απλοποίησες που έγιναν), έχουν αναπτυχθεί σήμερα νέα μοντέλα παλινδρόμησης με τη βοήθεια της Ασαφούς Λογικής, όπου η παραπάνω διαφορά θεωρείται ότι οφείλεται στην ενυπάρχουσα ασάφεια του συστήματος, αλλά επίσης και στην ασάφεια των δεδομένων εισόδου και εξόδου.  Στην παρούσα εργασία επιχειρείται η συσχέτιση μεταξύ των μετεωρολογικών σταθμών Αγγίστρου και Άνω Βροντούς, στην περιοχή Σερρών, και η ασάφεια του συστήματος εξετάζεται με ένα δυνατοτικό μοντέλο γραμμικής παλινδρόμησης, στο οποίο οι είσοδοι (παρατηρηθείσες τιμές) θεωρούνται σαφείς, ενώ οι έξοδοι (παρατηρηθείσες τιμές) και οι παράμετροι του μοντέλου είναι ασαφείς. Τα αποτελέσματα παρουσιάζονται για βαθμούς εμπιστοσύνης h=0 και h=0.7.Λέξεις κλειδιά: Ασαφής γραμμική Παλινδρόμιση, βροχομετρικές παρατηρήσεις, επεξεργασία αυτών.Classical linear regression has been used to measure the relationship between rainfall data in different meteorological station, in order to evaluate a linear relation and to predict the values of rainfall in one station (dependent variables), from the values of rainfall of the other station(independent variables). Classical linear regression makes rigid assumptions about the statistical properties of the model, accepting the error terms as random variables, and the violation of this assumption could affect the validity of the classical linear regression. Fuzzy regression assumes ambiguous and imprecise parameters and data and may be more effective than classical regression. In this paper we evaluate the relation between rainfall data in Aggistron and Ano Vrontou meteorological stations, using fuzzy linear regression. In this possibilistic model the dependent observed rainfall values are crisp, and the independent observed rainfall values as well as the parameters of the model are fuzzy. The results are presented with two credibility degrees h=0 and h=0.7

Investigation of the structure and catalytic activity in olefin cyclopropanation of neutral and cationic dicopper complexes of 3,5-bis(pyridinylimino)benzoic acid.

Three neutral and one cationic copper(I) complexes with 3,5-bis(pyridinylimino)benzoic acid are synthesized and characterized in solution and in the solid state by a variety of spectroscopic techniques and X-ray crystallography. The compounds are tested for their catalytic activity in olefin cyclopropanation reactions by means of ethyl diazoacetate decomposition and prove to be moderately active with the ionic one being the most active and the most promising since for cyclohexene it reveals a considerable diastereoselectivity and a 90:10 exo:endo ratio of the final product

APPLICATION OF ANALYTIC HIERARCΗY PROCESS IN THE SELECTION OF THE OPTIMUM PLACEMENT OF A DAM AT THE AREA OF LIVADI, LARISSA PREFECTURE/ GREECE. COMPARISON WITH THE COMPROMISE PROGRAMMING

Στην παρούσα εργασία εξετάζεται η επιλογή της βέλτιστης θέσης κατασκευής ενός φράγματος στην περιοχή Λιβαδίου Λαρίσης. Η μέθοδος που χρησιμοποιείται για την επίλυση αυτού του προβλήματος είναι η AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). Εξετάζονται οι λόγοι για τους οποίους επιλέχθηκε αυτή η μέθοδος, αναλύεται το θεωρητικό της υπόβαθρο και με τη χρήση προγράμματος της Visual Fortran εφαρμόζεται στη συγκεκριμένη περιοχή. Τα αποτελέσματα της ΑΗΡ συγκρίνονται με τα αποτελέσματα του Συμβιβαστικού Προγραμματισμού που είχε εφαρμοστεί στην ίδια περιοχή από τους ίδιους συγγραφείς.In this paper the selection of the optimum area for the construction of a dam within the region of Livadi, Larisa Prefecture/Greece is investigated. The method used is the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The reasons for the selection of this method are investigated, its theoretical background is analyzed and using a Visual Fortran computer programme, the method is applied in the study area. The results are compared with the ones of the Compromise programming, which had been applied previously in the same area from the same authors

Heterometallic lanthanide-centred [NiII6LnIII] rings

A [NiII6DyIII] heptanuclear complex featuring a rare six-membered {NiII6} metal ring surrounding the central Dy(III) ion is reported. Magnetic studies reveal single-molecule magnet behaviour for the complex under zero external dc field, while replacing the DyIII ion with ΥIII or GdIII ions allows for a comprehensive understanding of the magnetic behaviour

Digital immigrants' survival kit

Societies today are more and more digital, and digital transformation has an impact on all sectors of our lives. Tasks that used to be done on paper are now done digitally, for example, government paperwork, tax returns, travel and booking systems, shopping, and other tasks. In order to understand and perform such tasks, the European Commission has launched the DigComp framework for citizens. During the pandemic COVID-19 this has been extremely visible, when everything went online, vulnerable groups became even more vulnerable due to lacking competencies, understanding, infrastructure, and even devices but maybe most of all habits, attitudes, and digital mindset. Digital competences need to be learned by users as it includes not only knowledge but also experiential competencies, skills, attitudes, and new mindsets. Without digital competencies, individuals will be excluded from society. Learning digital skills requires not only external motivation but also that users feel that they can engage and be more independent citizens. In a tech and digitally dominated environment, inclusion requires that persons feel able to use digital tools and resources wisely and safely for their own purposes. Many adults, although capable and integrated into other areas, need support to become competent and confident in using digital tools. The two-year Digital Immigrants Survival Kit (DISK, 2019-2022, 2019-1- PT01-KA204-060898) project aims to develop a Survival Kit to learn to overcome missing digital competencies of adults with a special focus on digital immigrants i.e., persons who are disadvantaged in society due to a lack of digital competences and to enable them to take an active role in the digital society. In this regard, the project team identified needs and competence profiles in potential participants and is constructing a set of 15 modules on a variety of topics related to daily life and digital competencies. The Survival Kit will use Flipped Learning 3.0 as a training approach and contribute to the development of an innovative self-evaluation tool: competence-based self-evaluation mandalas. Carefully designed transferability and implementation guides will support the flexible transfer of the results and outcomes to other European countries and its wide and open use, especially facilitated since DISK toolkit modules will be published as Open Educational Resources (OER). The consortium consists of 5 partners, 3 adult education organizations, a university, and a specialist in course quality and Open Educational Resources with complementary skills, experience, and approaches to adult education. The process of creation of the profiles and modules, as of the different elements such as the self-evaluation mandalas, and its challenges, are relevant to reflect on how, under the current social circumstances in the European Union, one can act effectively on developing digital competencies with older adults. Keywords: Adults, digitalization, digital immigrants, flipped learning, lifelong learning, mandala, selfevaluation, survival kit

Constructing CrIII-centered heterometallic complexes: [NiII6CrIII] and [CoII6CrIII] wheels

The solvothermal reaction between Cr(acac)3, MCl2.6H2O (M= Ni, Co) and 2-hydroxy-4-methyl-6-phenyl-pyridine-3-amidoxime (H2L), under basic conditions, led to the synthesis of the heterometallic heptanuclear clusters [MII6Cr(HLzw)6(HL)6].3Cl (M= Ni, 1; Co, 2), with the nickel analogue displaying an S= 9/2 spin ground-state

A family of polynuclear cobalt complexes upon employment of an indeno-quinoxaline based oxime ligand

The reaction of Co(OAc)2·4H2O with LH (LH = 11H-indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one oxime) in MeOH in the presence of NEt3 forms the complex [CoIII2CoIIO(OAc)3L3]·0.5MeOH·0.2H2O (1·0.5MeOH·0.2H2O), while repeating the reaction under solvothermal conditions yielded the heptanuclear cluster [CoII7L9 (OH)2(OAc)2.7(MeO)0.3(H2O)]·4.6MeOH·3.3H2O (2·4.6MeOH·3.3H2O). Changing the starting metal salt to Co(ClO4)2·6H2O and upon the reaction with LH in the presence of NEt3 under high temperature and pressure, we managed to isolate the decanuclear cluster [CoII10L14(OH)3.6(MeO)0.4](ClO4)2·8.5MeOH·5.75H2O (3·8.5MeOH·5.75H2O), while under normal bench conditions and upon employment of pivalates in the reaction mixture complex [CoII4L4(piv)4(MeOH)2]·MeOH·H2O (4·MeOH·H2O) was formed. Furthermore, the reaction of Co(ClO4)2·6H2O with LH and aibH (2-amino-isobutyric acid) in the presence of NEt3 in MeOH gave the mononuclear complex [CoIIIL(aib)2]·3H2O (5·3H2O), while upon increasing the metal–ligand ratio cluster [CoIII2CoIIL4(aib)2(OH)2]·7.9MeOH (6·7.9MeOH) was isolated. Finally, repeating the reaction that yielded the mononuclear complex 5·3H2O under solvothermal conditions, gave the octanuclear cluster [CoII8L10(aib)2(MeO)2](ClO4)2·6.8MeOH·7H2O (7·6.8MeOH·7H2O). Variable temperature dc magnetic susceptibility studies for complexes 2, 3, 4 and 7, reveal that all clusters display dominant antiferromagnetic interactions leading to small or diamagnetic ground-states,

A Ferromagnetically Coupled, Bell-Shaped [Ni4Gd5] Cage

Reaction between NiCl2·6H2O, 2-hydroxy-4-methyl-6-phenyl-pyridine-3-amidoxime (H2L), benzoic acid, and M(NO3)3·6H2O (M = Gd, Y) in MeCN under basic conditions yields the complexes [NiII4GdIII5(PhCOO)10(HL)4(HLzw)4(OH)2(NO3)2]Cl·13.6MeCN·H2O (1·13.6MeCN·H2O) and [NiII4YIII5(PhCOO)10(HL)4(HLzw)4(OH)2(NO3)1.5(H2O)0.5]0.5Cl(NO3)·3H2O (2·3H2O). Both clusters display similar structures, consisting of a bell-shaped {NiII4MIII5} unit, in which a linear "zigzag" {Ni4} subunit bisects the central {MIII5} "ring". Direct (dc) and alternating current (ac) magnetic susceptibility measurements carried out in the 2-300 K temperature range for complexes 1 and 2 revealed ferromagnetic intermolecular interactions, while heat-capacity measurements for the Gd analogue suggest that complex 1 lowers its temperature from T = 9.6 K down to 2.3 K by adiabatically demagnetizing from Bi = 7 T to Bf = 0.E.K.B. thanks the EPSRC for funding grants EP/N01331X/1 and EP/P025986/1.Peer reviewe

Generating fuzzy rules by learning from olive tree transpiration measurement - An algorithm to automatize Granier sap flow data analysis

The present study aims at developing an intelligent system of automating data analysis and prediction embedded in a fuzzy logic algorithm (FAUSY) to capture the relationship between environmental variables and sap flow measurements (Granier method). Environmental thermal gradients often interfere with Granier sap flow measurements since this method uses heat as a tracer, thus introducing a bias in transpiration flux calculation. The FAUSY algorithm is applied to solve measurement problems and provides an approximate and yet effective way of finding the relationship between the environmental variables and the natural temperature gradient (NTG), which is too complex or too ill-defined for precise mathematical analysis. In the process, FAUSY extracts the relationships from a set of input–output environmental observations, thus general directions for algorithm-based machine learning in fuzzy systems are outlined. Through an iterative procedure, the algorithm plays with the learning or forecasting via a simulated model. After a series of error control iterations, the outcome of the algorithm may become highly refined and be able to evolve into a more formal structure of rules, facilitating the automation of Granier sap flow data analysis. The system presented herein simulates the occurrence of NTG with reasonable accuracy, with an average residual error of 2.53% for sap flux rate, when compared to data processing performed in the usual way. For practical applications, this is an acceptable margin of error given that FAUSY could correct NTG errors up to an average of 76% of the normal manual correction process. In this sense, FAUSY provides a powerful and flexible way of establishing the relationships between the environment and NTG occurrencesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio