Acid Proteinases from Calf Lymph Nodes

Acid proteinases were isolated from calf lymph nodes using acid extraction, ammonium sulphate and acetone precipitation, followed by ion exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose and _ gel chromatography on Sephadex G-100. Cathepsin D (E. C. 3.4.23.5) is present in lymph nodes. It has the molecular weight of 39 000 as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. Cathepsins Bl and B2 (E. C. 3.4.22.1) were also isolated. Molecular weights of 22 000 and 51 000 were determined for cathepsins Bl and B2, respectively. Calf lymph nodes contain also another proteinase which degrades haemoglobin at an optimum at pH = 3.0. This proteinase has a molecular weight of 14 000 as was determined by gel filtration. Its activity is not inhibited with 0,25 ~tM pepstatin which inhibits 903/o of the cathepsin D activity

Circlulation of tumor cells and their effect on breast cancer – reviewing the results of previous studies

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are epithelial tumor cells detected in the peripheral blood of patients with solid malignant tumors. They originate from the primary tumor or metastatic sites. New techniques have been developed to isolate and characterise these cells, including the FDA-approved CellSearch, which are using mainly cytometric/antibody-based and molecular approaches. Recent advances in theories regarding metastasis support the role of early release of tumor cells in the neoplastic process. It has been found that phenotypic variation exists between the primary tumor and CTCs. Of particular interest is the difference found between primary tumor and CTC HER-2 status in both metastatic and early breast cancer. CTC enumeration has been incorporated into different fields of oncology as a prognostic marker, a tool to monitor therapy response, and a method to understand basic tumor characteristics. But currently, there is still no role for CTCs in clinical practice

Cirkulirajoče tumorske celice in njihov pomen pri raku dojke: pregled izsledkov dosedanjih raziskav

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are epithelial tumor cells detected in the peripheral blood of patients with solid malignant tumors. They originate from the primary tumor or metastatic sites. New techniques have been developed to isolate and characterise these cells, including the FDA-approved Cell-Search, which are using mainly cytometric/antibody-based and molecular approaches. Recent advances in theories regarding metastasis support the role of early release of tumor cells in the neoplastic process. It has been found that phenotypic variation exists between the primary tumor and CTCs. Of particular interest is the difference found between primary tumor and CTC HER-2 status in both metastatic and early breast cancer. CTC enumeration has been incorporated into different fields of oncology as a prognostic marker, a tool to monitor therapy response, and a method to understand basic tumor characteristics. But currently, there is still no role for CTCs in clinical practice.Ni abstrakta

Publisher Correction: Genetic tool development in marine protists: emerging model organisms for experimental cell biology.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper

Genetic tool development in marine protists: emerging model organisms for experimental cell biology

Abstract: Diverse microbial ecosystems underpin life in the sea. Among these microbes are many unicellular eukaryotes that span the diversity of the eukaryotic tree of life. However, genetic tractability has been limited to a few species, which do not represent eukaryotic diversity or environmentally relevant taxa. Here, we report on the development of genetic tools in a range of protists primarily from marine environments. We present evidence for foreign DNA delivery and expression in 13 species never before transformed and for advancement of tools for eight other species, as well as potential reasons for why transformation of yet another 17 species tested was not achieved. Our resource in genetic manipulation will provide insights into the ancestral eukaryotic lifeforms, general eukaryote cell biology, protein diversification and the evolution of cellular pathways

Genetic tool development in marine protists: emerging model organisms for experimental cell biology

Abstract: Diverse microbial ecosystems underpin life in the sea. Among these microbes are many unicellular eukaryotes that span the diversity of the eukaryotic tree of life. However, genetic tractability has been limited to a few species, which do not represent eukaryotic diversity or environmentally relevant taxa. Here, we report on the development of genetic tools in a range of protists primarily from marine environments. We present evidence for foreign DNA delivery and expression in 13 species never before transformed and for advancement of tools for eight other species, as well as potential reasons for why transformation of yet another 17 species tested was not achieved. Our resource in genetic manipulation will provide insights into the ancestral eukaryotic lifeforms, general eukaryote cell biology, protein diversification and the evolution of cellular pathways

Proteases and cytokines as mediators of interactions between cancer and stromal cells in tumours

Proteolytic enzymes are highly relevant in different processes of cancer progression. Their interplay with other signalling molecules such as cytokines represents important regulation of multicellular cross-talk. In this review, we discuss protease regulation mechanisms of cytokine signalling in various types of cancer. Additionally, we highlight the reverse whereby cytokines have an impact on protease expression in an autocrine and paracrine manner, representing complex feedback mechanisms among multiple members of these two protein families. The relevance of the protease-cytokine axis is illustrated in glioblastoma, where interactions between normal mesenchymal stem cells and cancer cells play an important role in this very malignant form of brain cancer