771 research outputs found
Hidden Ancestor Graphs: Models for Detagging Property Graphs
Consider a graph where each vertex is visibly labelled as a member of a
distinct class, but also has a hidden binary state: wild or tame. Edges with
end points in the same class are called agreement edges. Premise: an edge
connecting vertices in different classes -- a conflict edge -- is allowed only
when at least one end point is wild. Interpret wild status as readiness to form
connections with any other vertex, regardless of class -- a form of class
disaffiliation. The learning goal is to classify each vertex as wild or tame
using its neighborhood data. In applications such as communications metadata,
bio-informatics, retailing, or bibliography, adjacency in is typically
created by paths of length two in a transactional bipartite graph . Class
labelling, imported from a reference data source, is typically assortative, so
agreement edges predominate. Conflict edges represent observed behavior (from
) inconsistent with prior labelling of . Wild vertices are those whose
label is uninformative. The hidden ancestor graph constitutes a natural model
for generating agreement edges and conflict edges, depending on a latent tree
structure. The model is able to manifest high clustering rates and heavy-tailed
degree distributions typical of social and spatial networks. It can be fitted
to graph data using a few measurable graph parameters, and supplies a natural
statistical classifier for wild versus tame.Comment: 35 pages, 12 figure
Systematic Effects in Interferometric Observations of the CMB Polarization
The detection of the primordial -mode spectrum of the polarized cosmic
microwave background (CMB) signal may provide a probe of inflation. However,
observation of such a faint signal requires excellent control of systematic
errors. Interferometry proves to be a promising approach for overcoming such a
challenge. In this paper we present a complete simulation pipeline of
interferometric observations of CMB polarization, including systematic errors.
We employ two different methods for obtaining the power spectra from mock data
produced by simulated observations: the maximum likelihood method and the
method of Gibbs sampling. We show that the results from both methods are
consistent with each other, as well as, within a factor of 6, with analytical
estimates. Several categories of systematic errors are considered: instrumental
errors, consisting of antenna gain and antenna coupling errors, and beam
errors, consisting of antenna pointing errors, beam cross-polarization and beam
shape (and size) errors. In order to recover the tensor-to-scalar ratio, ,
within a 10% tolerance level, which ensures the experiment is sensitive enough
to detect the -signal at in the multipole range ,
we find that, for a QUBIC-like experiment, Gaussian-distributed systematic
errors must be controlled with precisions of for antenna
gain, for antenna coupling, for pointing, for beam
shape, and for beam cross-polarization.Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures, submitted to ApJ
Bayesian Inference of Polarized CMB Power Spectra from Interferometric Data
Detection of B-mode polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB)
radiation is one of the frontiers of observational cosmology. Because they are
an order of magnitude fainter than E-modes, it is quite a challenge to detect
B-modes. Having more manageable systematics, interferometers prove to have a
substantial advantage over imagers in detecting such faint signals. Here, we
present a method for Bayesian inference of power spectra and signal
reconstruction from interferometric data of the CMB polarization signal by
using the technique of Gibbs sampling. We demonstrate the validity of the
method in the flat-sky approximation for a simulation of an interferometric
observation on a finite patch with incomplete uv-plane coverage, a finite beam
size and a realistic noise model. With a computational complexity of
O(n^{3/2}), n being the data size, Gibbs sampling provides an efficient method
for analyzing upcoming cosmology observations.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, expanded discussion and edited to match ApJS
approved version, acknowledgments update
Bayesian semi-blind component separation for foreground removal in interferometric 21-cm observations
We present in this paper a new Bayesian semi-blind approach for foreground
removal in observations of the 21-cm signal with interferometers. The
technique, which we call HIEMICA (HI Expectation-Maximization Independent
Component Analysis), is an extension of the Independent Component Analysis
(ICA) technique developed for two-dimensional (2D) CMB maps to
three-dimensional (3D) 21-cm cosmological signals measured by interferometers.
This technique provides a fully Bayesian inference of power spectra and maps
and separates the foregrounds from signal based on the diversity of their power
spectra. Only relying on the statistical independence of the components, this
approach can jointly estimate the 3D power spectrum of the 21-cm signal and,
the 2D angular power spectrum and the frequency dependence of each foreground
component, without any prior assumptions about foregrounds. This approach has
been tested extensively by applying it to mock data from interferometric 21-cm
intensity mapping observations under idealized assumptions of instrumental
effects. We also discuss the impact when the noise properties are not known
completely. As a first step toward solving the 21 cm power spectrum analysis
problem we compare the semi-blind HIEMICA technique with the commonly used
Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Under the same idealized circumstances the
proposed technique provides significantly improved recovery of the power
spectrum. This technique can be applied straightforwardly to all 21-cm
interferometric observations, including epoch of reionization measurements, and
can be extended to single-dish observations as well.Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures, added some discussions about the impact of noise
misspecificatio
The Cut & Enhance method : selecting clusters of galaxies from the SDSS commissioning data
We describe an automated method, the Cut & Enhance method (CE) for detecting
clusters of galaxies in multi-color optical imaging surveys. This method uses
simple color cuts, combined with a density enhancement algorithm, to up-weight
pairs of galaxies that are close in both angular separation and color. The
method is semi-parametric since it uses minimal assumptions about cluster
properties in order to minimize possible biases. No assumptions are made about
the shape of clusters, their radial profile or their luminosity function. The
method is successful in finding systems ranging from poor to rich clusters of
galaxies, of both regular and irregular shape. We determine the selection
function of the CE method via extensive Monte Carlo simulations which use both
the real, observed background of galaxies and a randomized background of
galaxies. We use position shuffled and color shuffled data to perform the false
positive test. We have also visually checked all the clusters detected by the
CE method. We apply the CE method to the 350 deg^2 of the SDSS (Sloan Digital
Sky Survey) commissioning data and construct a SDSS CE galaxy cluster catalog
with an estimated redshift and richness for each cluster. The CE method is
compared with other cluster selection methods used on SDSS data such as the
Matched Filter (Postman et al. 1996, Kim et al. 2001), maxBCG technique (Annis
et al. 2001) and Voronoi Tessellation (Kim et al. 2001). The CE method can be
adopted for cluster selection in any multi-color imaging surveys.Comment: 62 pages, 32 figures, Accepted for publication in the Astronomical
Journal, "the CE galaxy cluster catalog can be downloaded from,
http://astrophysics.phys.cmu.edu/~tomo/ce/
Vacuum Strength of Two Candidate Glasses for a Space Observatory
The strengths of two candidate glass types for use in a space observatory were measured. Samples of ultra-low expansion glass (ULE) and borosilicate (Pyrex) were tested in air and in vacuum at room temperature (20 degrees C) and in vacuum after being heated to 200 degrees C. Both glasses tested in vacuum showed a significant increase in strength over those tested in air. However, there was no statistical difference between the strength of samples tested in vacuum at room temperature and those tested in vacuum after heating to 200 degrees C
The influence of resuscitation preferences on obstetrical management of periviable deliveries
Objective
Determine the relative influence of patient's resuscitation preferences on periviable delivery management.
Methods
Surveyed 295 obstetrician-gynecologists about managing periviable preterm premature rupture of membranes. Across 10 vignettes, we systematically varied gestational age; occupation; method of conception; and resuscitation preference. Physicians rated their likelihood (0-10) of proceeding with induction, steroids, and cesarean. Data were analyzed via conjoint analysis.
Results
205 physician responses were included. Median ratings for management decisions were: induction 1.89; steroids 5.00; cesarean for labor 3.89; cesarean for distress 4.11. Gestational age had the greatest influence on physician ratings across all decisions (importance values ranging from 72.6-86.6), followed by patient's resuscitation preference (range= 9.3-21.4).
Conclusion
Gestational age is weighted more heavily than patients’ resuscitation preferences in obstetricians’ decision-making for periviable delivery management. Misalignment of antenatal management with parental resuscitation preferences may adversely affect periviable outcomes. Interventions are needed to facilitate more patient-centered decision-making in periviable care
Vacuum Strength of Two Candidate Glasses for a Space Observatory
The strengths of two candidate glass types for use in a space observatory were measured. Samples of ultra-low expansion glass (ULE) and borosilicate (Pyrex) were tested in air and in vacuum at room temperature (20 C) and in vacuum after being heated to 200 C. Both glasses tested in vacuum showed an increase in strength over those tested in air. However, there was no statistical difference between the strength of samples tested in vacuum at room temperature and those tested in vacuum after heating to 200 C
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