Cosmetic Use and Its Adverse Events among Female Employees of Jimma University, Southwest Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: Cosmetics is applied to human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness or altering appearance. Cosmetics is causing alarming adverse events to its users, yet evidence about its magnitude and cosmetic use among female employees in Ethiopia is limited. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining cosmetic use and its adverse events among female employees of Jimma University.METHOD: A cross-sectional study was done among female employees from December 2016 to January 2017. Samples of 426 participants were selected using stratified simple random sampling from all colleges, and data were collected using self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to compute proportions and logistic regression to assess the determinants of cosmetics-related adverse events.RESULTS: A total of 387 females were participated, making a 90.8% response rate. The majority (80.1%) were using at least one cosmetic product, and 39.0% of them were between 25-29 years. The majority (86.6%) of the respondents used toothpaste, lotion, lipstick, or eye makeup. Cosmetics related adverse events were experienced by 19.0% of the respondents primarily on face and hairs. Lotion and hair cosmetics were the primary perceived causes of adverse events. Employees who had monthly income between 1000 and 3000 ETB (AOR=3.4; 95% CI: 1.4-8.4), above 3000 ETB (AOR=4.7; 95% CI: 1.8-12.2) and those who used traditional cosmetics (AOR=4.5; 95% CI: 2.1-9.6) were more likely to develop adverse events.CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of the users suffered from cosmetics related adverse events. The female employees have to be aware of the rational cosmetics utilization practices to minimize adverse events.

Treatment Outcomes of Tuberculosis Patients at Debre Berhan Hospital, Amhara Region, Northern Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: Directly observed treatment remains one of the most widely-accepted global health interventions for tuberculosis. Tuberculosis treatment outcome is one of the performance indicators of the programme set by World Health Organization. Therefore, evaluating the treatment success rate ofDebreBerhanHospital was mandatory to show the achievement and to indicate where the hospital is against the World Health Organization target.METHODS: A register based cross sectional study covering the period of January 2009 to December 2013 was employed. All clients with complete records of the treatment outcome were included in the study. A checklist was prepared to extract data from patient charts. Data were entered into Epi-info version 3.2.2andanalyzed using SPSS version 16 for windows.RESULT: Between January 2009 and December 2013, a total of 1280 tuberculosis cases that had  complete records on treatment outcome were included in the analysis. Four in five (79.4%) of the patients had favorable treatment outcome; 15.8% were cured and 63.5%completed their treatment.  There was a continuous increment of treatment success rate from 2010 to 2013 in the area and the treatment success rate in the year 2013 was 84.4%.CONCLUSION: Despite the recent improvements in treatment success rate, treatment completed and defaulting rate, further efforts should be made by responsible bodies to identify and improve possible  promoting factors for successful tuberculosis treatment outcome.KEYWORDS: Tuberculosis, Treatment outcome, Success rate, DOTs, DebreBerha

Mean Normal Portal Vein Diameter Using Sonography among Clients Coming to Radiology Department of Jimma University Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: Mean portal vein diameter is considered as the best indicator for portal hypertension. However, the cutoff point differs from study to study (above 10-15 mm) despite the existence of normal mean portal vein diameter between 10-15 mm in different settings.This implies the existence of limited evidence on normal portal vein diameter for all populations in all countries prior to setting the cutoff points. Therefore, the aim of this study was sonographic assessment of normal mean portal vein diameter among patients referred to The Department of Radiology in Jimma University Hospital. METHODS: A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted from November to December 2014 at Jimma University Hospital on a total of 195 clients. Data about portal vein diameter for eligible clients were collected by radiologists using Sonography. Data were edited manually, entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16.RESULT: Data were collected from a total of 195 participants. Among these, 121(62.1%) were males and the median age of the participants was 35 years. The study revealed a normal mean portal vein diameter of 10.6 mm ±1.8 SD with a respirophasic variation of 25.6%. Likewise, the normal mean portal vein diameter seemed to have varied significantly by age and sex.CONCLUSION: The study revealed a normal mean portal vein diameter ranging below 13 mm. Hence, decisions made in clinical settings should base on these findings. Besides, there is a need for large scale study to determine portal vein diameter variation by age and sex, controlling other confounders.KEYWORD: Portal vein diameter, Mean, Portal hypertension, Sonography, Ethiopi

Knowledge, risk perception and practice regarding tuberculosis transmission among long distance bus drivers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A cross sectional study

 Background: Window opening during bus transportation is recommended as a tuberculosis prevention strategy.Yet, drivers are affected by lack  knowledge and risk perception of passengers and assistants. Boosting  knowledge of and notifying the high risk of tuberculosis transmission for  every passenger could be too costly. However, strategies targeting bus  drivers as key agents unlike targeting all passengers might be less costly for window opening. Method: Data were collected from November 18/2014 to December  21/2014 in inter-region bus stations of Addis Ababa using cross sectional study design. Samples of 306 participants were selected using simple  random sampling, and data were collected through face-to-face interview. Data were entered into Epi-data version 3.1 andanalyzed using IBM SPSS version 21. Result: From a sample of 306 bus drivers, 303 were interviewed. Nine in ten and nearly half of participants believed in the need for opening all  windows and avoiding overcrowding of passengers as TB preventive  measures respectively. Few bus drivers (7.3%) believed that bus drivers and their assistants could be at risk of tuberculosis. The majority (85.7%) of bus drivers opened side window the whole day without precondition. Hearing tuberculosis related information from radio was a promoting factor for tuberculosis preventive measures among bus drivers. Conclusion: Tuberculosis preventive practices and knowledge of bus  drivers seempositive (opportunities), despite their low risk perception  (challenge). Using the opportunity, further empowering bus drivers to  persuade passengers and assistants to open all the rest of the windows is  needed.  Keywords: Tuberculosis, Knowledge, prevention practices, bus drivers, Ethiopi

Knowledge about Radiation Related Health Hazards and Protective Measures among Patients Waiting for Radiologic Imaging in Jimma University Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: Radiologic diagnostic and therapeutic procedures using ionizing radiation carry potential health risks. Hence, clients’ knowledge about radiation would play a key role in reducing unnecessary imaging and its impacts. However, information on client’s knowledge in low income countries specifically in the Ethiopian context has been was limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess knowledge about radiation related hazards and protective measures among patients waiting for radiologic imaging.METHODS: Descriptive cross sectional study design was employed on 388 patients waiting for radiologic imaging in Jimma University Hospital from Dec.25/2014 to Jan. 10/2015. Eligible participants were interviewed using pretested questionnaire. Data were entered and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 21. A descriptive analysis was conducted to get summary values of clients’ radiation related knowledge.RESULTS: A total of 386 clients were included to the analysis.Two hundred and three (52.6%) participants had ever heard radiation related health hazards. Among these, 74.9% mentioned infertility, 64.0% indicated cancer followed by 26.6% who mentioned cataract as radiation related health hazards. A large number of clients (75.6%) had no idea about radiation protective measures, whereas 22% of them mentioned not entering examination room unless ordered by health professionals and 10.6% indicated covering sensitive body parts with lead (pb). The majority (85.8%) of the clients did not support unjustified repeated radiation imaging for diagnostic or other purposes.CONCLUSION: The overall knowledge of clients about radiation imaging seems inadequate. Thus, comprehensive awareness raising programmes targeted at different settinsg and levels should be designed and implemented.KEYWORDS: Radiation imaging, Knowledge, Radiation health hazards, Protective measures, Ethiopi

Determinants of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis among Tuberculosis Patients in Southern Ethiopia: A Case Control Study

Background: Multi-drug resistance tuberculosis (MDR) have been a hazardous concern both in developed and developing countries. Little information is available regarding the determinants of MDR-TB in Ethiopia, and hence, We assessed the probable determinants of MDR-TB in Southern Ethiopia. Methods: A case-control study was conducted. Cases were TB patients with simultaneous resistance to at least rifampicin (RMP) and isoniazid (INH) and controls were TB patients who were susceptible to first line TB drugs and registered as cure or treatment completed from March 2016 to March 2018. We used simple random sampling method to select cases and controls. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaire with face to face interview and patients’ clinical record review. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to determine determinants of MDR-TB. Significance level was adjusted at p-value <0.05.  Results: A total 102 cases together with 102 controls participated in the study. The mean age for cases and controls were 35.6 years (SD± 13.6) and 31.2 years (SD ±15.4) respectively. Factors that independently predicted MDR-TB were: time to reach health facility taking more than three hours (AOR 2, 95%CI=0.10-0.45), history of contact with known MDR-TB patients (AOR 6, 95%CI=1.8-19.7), patients with no formal education (AOR 4.40, 95%CI=1.7-13.3), patients who didn’t get counseling (AOR 5, 95% CI=1.8-14) and patients who didn’t hear about MDR-TB (AOR 6.8, 95% CI=2.99-15.3). Conclusion: Multiple factors predicted MDR-TB. Patients: at distant location, with known contact history of MDR-TB patients, with low level of literacy, who lack information on MDR-TB and who didn’t get counseling deserve special attention

Anti-retro viral therapy adverse drug reaction and associated factors among human immuno deficiency virus infected adult patients at Nigist Eleni Mohammed Memorial hospital, South Ethiopia

Background: Recent increases in access to HAART have made the management of drug toxicities an increasingly crucial component of HIV care in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine prevalence of antiretroviral therapy adverse drug reactions and associated factors among HIV-infected adult patients at Nigist Eleni Mohammed memorial hospital. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted by retrospective review of patients\u2019 medical records. From a total 721 adult patient records, 231 patients record were selected by simple random sampling technique. The study was conducted April15-25, 2015.The association between dependent and independent variables was measured by using OR at 95% CI. P-value &lt;0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Result: About 53(22.9%) patients developed ADRs (adverse drug reactions). Female (AOR=2.72, CI=1.177-6.30), patients with WHO stage III and IV (AOR= 13.06, CI=4.17- 40.90) were found more likely to develop ADRs. Commonly identified ADRs were fatigue (18.1%), diarrhea (7.7%), nausea (6.5%), headache (3.6%) and anemia (2%). Conclusion: Nearly one in five patients develop ADRs. Sex of respondents, WHO stage and functional status were associated with ADRs. The health care providers should give due attention to ambulatory, bedridden, and WHO stage III and IV patients

Burden of obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Mokdad AH, El Bcheraoui C, Afshin A, et al. Burden of obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH. 2018;63(Suppl. 1):165-176.We used the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2015 study results to explore the burden of high body mass index (BMI) in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). We estimated the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children (2-19 years) and adults (20 years) in 1980 and 2015. The burden of disease related to high BMI was calculated using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach. The prevalence of obesity increased for adults from 15.1% (95% UI 13.4-16.9) in 1980 to 20.7% (95% UI 18.8-22.8) in 2015. It increased from 4.1% (95% UI 2.9-5.5) to 4.9% (95% UI 3.6-6.4) for the same period among children. In 2015, there were 417,115 deaths and 14,448,548 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to high BMI in EMR, which constitute about 10 and 6.3% of total deaths and DALYs, respectively, for all ages. This is the first study to estimate trends in obesity burden for the EMR from 1980 to 2015. We call for EMR countries to invest more resources in prevention and health promotion efforts to reduce this burden

Maternal mortality and morbidity burden in the Eastern Mediterranean region : findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Assessing the burden of maternal mortality is important for tracking progress and identifying public health gaps. This paper provides an overview of the burden of maternal mortality in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. We used the results of the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study to explore maternal mortality in the EMR countries. The maternal mortality ratio in the EMR decreased 16.3% from 283 (241-328) maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 237 (188-293) in 2015. Maternal mortality ratio was strongly correlated with socio-demographic status, where the lowest-income countries contributed the most to the burden of maternal mortality in the region. Progress in reducing maternal mortality in the EMR has accelerated in the past 15 years, but the burden remains high. Coordinated and rigorous efforts are needed to make sure that adequate and timely services and interventions are available for women at each stage of reproductive life

Neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality and morbidity burden in the Eastern Mediterranean region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Objectives Although substantial reductions in under-5 mortality have been observed during the past 35 years, progress in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) has been uneven. This paper provides an overview of child mortality and morbidity in the EMR based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. Methods We used GBD 2015 study results to explore under-5 mortality and morbidity in EMR countries. Results In 2015, 755,844 (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 712,064–801,565) children under 5 died in the EMR. In the early neonatal category, deaths in the EMR decreased by 22.4%, compared to 42.4% globally. The rate of years of life lost per 100,000 population under 5 decreased 54.38% from 177,537 (173,812–181,463) in 1990 to 80,985 (76,308–85,876) in 2015; the rate of years lived with disability decreased by 0.57% in the EMR compared to 9.97% globally. Conclusions Our findings call for accelerated action to decrease child morbidity and mortality in the EMR. Governments and organizations should coordinate efforts to address this burden. Political commitment is needed to ensure that child health receives the resources needed to end preventable deaths