Lafayette, the Thinker

Between 1775 and 1834, the Marquis de Lafayette played a role in the ongoing development of both the American and French Revolutions. Most previous scholarship about Lafayette highlights his military activities as a major-general in the American Revolution and as General of the National Guard of Paris in the French Revolution. This paper examines Lafayette’s draft of the Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen, a list of enslaved peoples that were chosen for Lafayette’s experimental plantation in French Guiana, Lafayette’s membership in the Society of the Friends of Blacks, and letters between Lafayette and America’s Founding Fathers to suggest that Lafayette was deeply concerned with questions of liberty and slavery. Overall, this paper demonstrates that the Marquis de Lafayette played a far larger role than as a military general, instead he acted as one the greatest thinkers of the Revolutionary Era

Joint 2D to 3D image registration workflow for comparing multiple slice photographs and CT scans of apple fruit with internal disorders

A large percentage of apples are affected by internal disorders after long-term storage, which makes them unacceptable in the supply chain. CT imaging is a promising technique for in-line detection of these disorders. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how different disorders affect the image features that can be observed in CT scans. This paper presents a workflow for creating datasets of image pairs of photographs of apple slices and their corresponding CT slices. By having CT and photographic images of the same part of the apple, the complementary information in both images can be used to study the processes underlying internal disorders and how internal disorders can be measured in CT images. The workflow includes data acquisition, image segmentation, image registration, and validation methods. The image registration method aligns all available slices of an apple within a single optimization problem, assuming that the slices are parallel. This method outperformed optimizing the alignment separately for each slice. The workflow was applied to create a dataset of 1347 slice photographs and their corresponding CT slices. The dataset was acquired from 107 'Kanzi' apples that had been stored in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage for 8 months. In this dataset, the distance between annotations in the slice photograph and the matching CT slice was, on average, $1.47 \pm 0.40$ mm. Our workflow allows collecting large datasets of accurately aligned photo-CT image pairs, which can help distinguish internal disorders with a similar appearance on CT. With slight modifications, a similar workflow can be applied to other fruits or MRI instead of CT scans.Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures 13-Dec-2023 revision: The plan to make the paper part-one of a two-part series was cancelled. Therefore the title of this paper and the title in the reference to the part-two paper (Wood et al., 2023) were change

Joint 2D to 3D image registration workflow for comparing multiple slice photographs and CT scans of apple fruit with internal disorders

A large percentage of apples are affected by internal disorders after long-term storage, which makes them unacceptable in the supply chain. CT imaging is a promising technique for in-line detection of these disorders. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how different disorders affect the image features that can be observed in CT scans. This paper presents a workflow for creating datasets of image pairs of photographs of apple slices and their corresponding CT slices. By having CT and photographic images of the same part of the apple, the complementary information in both images can be used to study the processes underlying internal disorders and how internal disorders can be measured in CT images. The workflow includes data acquisition, image segmentation, image registration, and validation methods. The image registration method aligns all available slices of an apple within a single optimization problem, assuming that the slices are parallel. This method outperformed optimizing the alignment separately for each slice. The workflow was applied to create a dataset of 1347 slice photographs and their corresponding CT slices. The dataset was acquired from 107 ‘Kanzi’ apples that had been stored in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage for 8 months. In this dataset, the distance between annotations in the slice photograph and the matching CT slice was, on average, 1.47 ± 0.40 mm. Our workflow allows collecting large datasets of accurately aligned photo-CT image pairs, which can help distinguish internal disorders with a similar appearance on CT. With slight modifications, a similar workflow can be applied to other fruits or MRI instead of CT scans

Rúbrica para la evaluación de acciones y proyectos socioeducativos de empoderamiento juvenil. Proyecto HEBE

Proyecto HEBE: Universidades participantes Universitat de Girona. Projecte HEBE (coord,) Universitat de Barcelona. Projecte HEBE Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Projecte HEBE Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Projecte HEBE Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Projecte HEBELa rúbrica de evaluación del empoderamiento juvenil que aquí se presenta es uno de los productos del “Proyecto Hebe. Una investigación sobre el empoderamiento juvenil”. Se trata de un trabajo que desde 2014 desarrolla un grupo de investigadores de cinco universidades (UdG, UB, UPF, UAB i UAM). Se pretende que este instrumento sea útil para el análisis de los proyectos de empoderamiento juvenil y, también, para planificar, implementar y analizar procesos socioeducativos que buscan incidir en el empoderamiento de las personas jóvenes. Se trata de un instrumento que consta de 9 dimensiones y 27 indicadores. La rúbrica está diseñada para ser aplicada tanto en los proyectos como en las acciones socioeducativas desarrolladas por un educador o un equipo educativo. Los resultados obtenidos de la aplicación de esta rúbrica permitirán conocer en qué medida el proyecto o las acciones desarrolladas por el equipo educativo facilitan el empoderamiento juvenil. Esto quiere decir que puede ser utilizada, también, para el aprendizaje y la mejora en la toma de decisiones sobre la programación y el desarrollo de acciones que ayuden a los jóvenes a empoderarse. La rúbrica para el análisis y evaluación de acciones y proyectos de empoderamiento juvenil pretende ser un recurso fácil de aplicar, que ayude a los educadores a reflexionar y mejorar sus acciones y proyectosinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO//EDU2013-42979-R/ES/PROYECTO HEBE. EL EMPODERAMIENTO DE LOS JOVENES: ANALISIS DE LOS MOMENTOS, ESPACIOS Y PROCESOS QUE CONTRIBUYEN AL EMPODERAMIENTO JUVENIL./info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013-2016/EDU2017-83249-R/ES/PROYECTO HEBE. IDENTIFICACION DE FACTORES POTENCIADORES Y LIMITADORES DEL EMPODERAMIENTO JUVENIL: ANALISIS DE DISCURSOS Y PRACTICAS DE EDUCADORES

Biogeography of Southern Ocean prokaryotes: a comparison of the Indian and Pacific sectors

18 pages, 5 figures.-- This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution LicenseWe investigated the Southern Ocean (SO) prokaryote community structure via zero-radius operational taxonomic unit (zOTU) libraries generated from 16S rRNA gene sequencing of 223 full water column profiles. Samples reveal the prokaryote diversity trend between discrete water masses across multiple depths and latitudes in Indian (71–99°E, summer) and Pacific (170–174°W, autumn-winter) sectors of the SO. At higher taxonomic levels (phylum-family) we observed water masses to harbour distinct communities across both sectors, but observed sectorial variations at lower taxonomic levels (genus-zOTU) and relative abundance shifts for key taxa such as Flavobacteria, SAR324/Marinimicrobia, Nitrosopumilus and Nitrosopelagicus at both epi- and bathy-abyssopelagic water masses. Common surface bacteria were abundant in several deep-water masses and vice-versa suggesting connectivity between surface and deep-water microbial assemblages. Bacteria from same-sector Antarctic Bottom Water samples showed patchy, high beta-diversity which did not correlate well with measured environmental parameters or geographical distance. Unconventional depth distribution patterns were observed for key archaeal groups: Crenarchaeota was found across all depths in the water column and persistent high relative abundances of common epipelagic archaeon Nitrosopelagicus was observed in deep-water masses. Our findings reveal substantial regional variability of SO prokaryote assemblages that we argue should be considered in wide-scale SO ecosystem microbial modellingThis work was funded by a CSIRO Office of the Chief Executive Science Leader Fellowship (R-04202) to L.B. as well as the Antarctic Science International Bursary 2017 to S.L.S.S.Peer reviewe

Bright light therapy versus physical exercise to prevent co-morbid depression and obesity in adolescents and young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: The risk for major depression and obesity is increased in adolescents and adults with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and adolescent ADHD predicts adult depression and obesity. Non-pharmacological interventions to treat and prevent these co-morbidities are urgently needed. Bright light therapy (BLT) improves day– night rhythm and is an emerging therapy for major depression. Exercise intervention (EI) reduces obesity and improves depressive symptoms. To date, no randomized controlled trial (RCT) has been performed to establish feasibility and efficacy of these interventions targeting the prevention of co-morbid depression and obesity in ADHD. We hypothesize that the two manualized interventions in combination with mobile health-based monitoring and reinforcement will result in less depressive symptoms and obesity compared to treatment as usual in adolescents and young adults with ADHD. Methods: This trial is a prospective, pilot phase-IIa, parallel-group RCT with three arms (two add-on treatment groups [BLT, EI] and one treatment as usual [TAU] control group). The primary outcome variable is change in the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology total score (observer-blinded assessment) between baseline and ten weeks of intervention. This variable is analyzed with a mixed model for repeated measures approach investigating the treatment effect with respect to all three groups. A total of 330 participants with ADHD, aged 14 – < 30 years, will be screened at the four study centers. To establish effect sizes, the sample size was planned at the liberal significance level of α = 0.10 (two-sided) and the power of 1-β = 80% in order to find medium effects. Secondary outcomes measures including change in obesity, ADHD symptoms, general psychopathology, health-related quality of life, neurocognitive function, chronotype, and physical fitness are explored after the end of the intervention and at the 12-week follow-up. This is the first pilot RCT on the use of BLT and EI in combination with mobile health-based monitoring and reinforcement targeting the prevention of co-morbid depression and obesity in adolescents and young adults with ADHD. If at least medium effects can be established with regard to the prevention of depressive symptoms and obesity, a larger scale confirmatory phase-III trial may be warranted.The trial is funded by the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, Horizon 2020 (Project no. 667302). Funding period: January 2016–December 2020. This funding source had no role in the design of this study and will not have any role during its execution, analyses, interpretation of the data, or decision to submit results. Some local funds additionally contributed to carry out this study, especially for the preparation of the interventions: FBO research activity is by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness – MINECO (RYC-2011-09011) and by the University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigación 2016, Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES)

Dataset of CT scans, slice photographs, and visual browning scores of 120 'Kanzi' apples

Summary This dataset is a collection of CT scans, slice photographs, and visual browning scores of 120 'Kanzi' apples. Description Sample information In 2022, 120 ‘Kanzi’ apples that had been stored under CA conditions (4 °C, 1 kPa O2, 1.5 kPa CO2) for 8 months were obtained from FruitMasters, The Netherlands. The fruit was grown in orchards surrounding Geldermalsen, the Netherlands, and harvested at physiological maturity in 2021. CT acquisition The dataset is acquired in the FleX-ray Laboratory, developed by TESCAN-XRE, located at CWI in Amsterdam. The CT scanner consists of a cone-beam microfocus polychromatic X-ray point source, and a 1944x1536 pixel, 14-bit, flat detector panel (Dexela1512NDT). Full details can be found in [Coban 2020]. A cone beam geometry with a circular trajectory was used to acquire 1440 projection images at an exposure time of 100ms, a tube peak voltage of 90kV, a current of 550uA, and 2 times binning, halving the detector resolution. Volumes were reconstructed with the FDK algorithm and a voxel size of 129.3um. Beam hardening correction was used from the FleXbox package [Kostenko 2020]. To make sure that the grey values could be compared between scans the spectral sensitivity of the scanner was first estimated for each scan individually and the average of these estimates was used for beam hardening correction on all CT scans. All apples were scanned with the stem side on top. Moreover, a line was drawn on all apples from the stem to the calyx. The apples were put in the CT scanner so that the line was facing the X-ray source. The CT volumes are saved as .tiff stacks. All volumes have been cropped to remove the background. Slicing and photograph acquisition One day after CT scanning, the apples were sliced using a modified meat-slicing machine (CaterChef, house brand of EMGA, Mijdrecht, The Netherlands), which is illustrated in the file slicing_machine_labels.png. The sliding surface of the meat-slicing machine was replaced by a transparent acrylic sheet, and a camera was placed behind the slicing surface. While in the machine, each apple was kept in place by a suction cup so that it could not rotate during the slicing. All apples were sliced from the stem end to the calyx end, with a slice thickness of roughly 4mm. Every time before slicing, a picture was taken of the remaining part of the apple through the transparent sliding surface. To ensure that all apples were roughly aligned to the CT scans, the apples were oriented so that the line drawn earlier was on top. The slice photographs are saved as .png files. All photographs have been cropped to remove the background and to center the apple in the image. Visual browning scores After each apple was sliced it was also visually inspected, and a score from one to ten was given to describe the amount of browning in the apple. Research group This dataset was produced in a collaboration between the Computational Imaging group at Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI), and GREEFA. https://www.cwi.nl/research/groups/computational-imaging https://www.greefa.com/nl/ Contact details dirk [dot] schut [at] cwi [dot] nl Acknowledgments This work was funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO) through the UTOPIA project (ENWSS.2018.003). The authors also acknowledge TESCAN-XRE NV for their collaboration and support of the FleX-ray laboratory

Point spread function based image reconstruction in optical projection tomography

As a result of the shallow depth of focus of the optical imaging system, the use of standard filtered back projection in optical projection tomography causes space-variant tangential blurring that increases with the distance to the rotation axis. We present a novel optical tomographic image reconstruction technique that incorporates the point spread function of the imaging lens in an iterative reconstruction. The technique is demonstrated using numerical simulations, tested on experimental optical projectio

Detecting internal browning in apple tissue as determined by a single CT slice in intact fruit

Internal browning (IB) in apples is associated with small voids that appear dark in X-ray computed tomography (CT) scans. Previous reports investigating IB in apples have used high resolution CT. However, for high-throughput in-line sorting and grading, detection of IB using CT, the image resolution and number of CT slices analysed must be limited. This work aimed to determine if IB can be accurately detected using a single CT slice with an image resolution that is not high enough to detect individual cells and pores in whole ‘Kanzi’ and ‘Braeburn’ fruit. Whole ‘Kanzi’ fruit (n = 120), previously stored under controlled atmosphere conditions (4 °C, 1 kPa O2, 1.5 kPa CO2) for eight months, were scanned with CT at a voxel size of approximately 130 µm. Whole ‘Braeburn’ fruit (n = 79) were stored under browning inducing conditions (0.5 °C, 1.5 kPa O2, 5 kPa CO2) for 2 and 3 months before scanning. For both cultivars, fruit (‘Kanzi’ = 20, ‘Braeburn’ = 38) that were stored under regular air conditions for one month were included as a non IB control. Following scanning, fruit were visually scored on browning intensity and type. An image-processing procedure based on grey-level threshold values was developed to determine the area percentage of detectable voids in CT slices. For both cultivars, the void percentage (Vp) in CT slices increased as the browning intensity in apple flesh increased. The largest variation in Vp among browning intensity classes was within the first 20 mm from the fruit stem end for ‘Kanzi’ fruit and between 30 and 40 mm for ‘Braeburn’ fruit. These results were due to the high incidence of radial flesh browning (RFB) within ‘Kanzi’ samples, which occurred concurrently with core browning at equal intensity. For ‘Braeburn’ fruit, RFB occurred in fruit with severe core browning. Logistic regression modelling using the Vp of CT slices at 30 and 35 mm of the fruit stem end showed better performance [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) > 0.9] for classifying affected ‘Kanzi’ and ‘Braeburn’ fruit than models using the whole fruit average. These results demonstrate that the entire fruit does not need to be analysed for accurate classification. Using only one slice per fruit for browning detection would greatly reduce image analysis time, which is imperative for in-line IB detection using CT