Parentification in Deployed and Non-Deployed Military Families: A Preliminary Assessment

The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences in parentification in military families with a deployed parent and without a deployed parent. Parentification has been defined as a parent-child relationship in which the child is given roles and responsibilities that are inappropriate for the child\u27s developmental level. Previous research has highlighted increased rates of parentification in situations involving parental absence or unavailability, such as divorce, parental illness, parental alcoholism, and domestic violence. This construct was assessed using the Parentification Questionnaire – Youth, a 20 item self-report survey for children and adolescents. Participants consisted of 22 children, ages 7-17, from military families with a deployed parent and military families without a deployed parent. After removing two statistical outliers from the intact military families group, an independent samples t-test was conducted. It was found that there was a significant difference between military families with a deployed parent and military families without a deployed parent. In summary, military families with a deployed parent had higher rates of parentification than military families without a deployed parent. Limitations of the present study include small sample size, external influences through the possible presence of one or both parents during the questionnaire, and the lack of control groups. Future research should expand the sample size, extend the study to more family groups (i.e. civilian, divorced, separated by work), and explore the possibility of positive or negative impacts of parentification on military children from families separated by deployment

The use of the ion probe mass spectrometer in the measurement of hydrogen concentration gradients in Monel K 500

The ion probe mass spectrometer was used to measure hydrogen concentration gradients in cathodically charged Monel K 500. Initial work with the ion probe involved the calibration of the instrument and the establishment of a suitable experimental procedure for this application. Samples of Monel K 500 were cathodically charged in a weak sulfuric acid solution. By varying the current density, different levels of hydrogen were introduced into the samples. Hydrogen concentration gradients were taken by ion sputtering on the surface of these samples and monitoring the behavior of the hydrogen mass peak as a function of time. An attempt was made to determine the relative amounts of hydrogen in the bulk and grain boundaries by analyzing a fresh fracture surface with a higher proportion of grain boundary area. It was found that substantially more hydrogen was detected in the grain boundaries than in the bulk, confirming the predictions of previous workers. A sputter rate determination was made in order to establish the rate of erosion

Surface aspects of pitting and stress corrosion cracking

The pitting and stress corrosion cracking of a stable austenitic stainless steel in aqueous chloride environments were investigated using a secondary ion mass spectrometer as the primary experimental technique. The surface concentration of hydrogen, oxygen, the hydroxide, and chloride ion, magnesium or sodium, chromium and nickel were measured as a function of potential in both aqueous sodium chloride and magnesium chloride environments at room temperature and boiling temperatures. It was found that, under anodic conditions, a sharp increase in the chloride concentration was observed to occur for all environmental conditions. The increase may be associated with the formation of an iron chloride complex. Higher localized chloride concentrations at pits and cracks were also detected with an electron microprobe

Differences in Parentification of Children and Adolescents in Two-Parent Military Families Versus One-Parent Military Families Due to Deployment

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in parentification in military families with a deployed parent and without a deployed parent. Previous research has highlighted increased rates of parentification in situations involving parental absence or unavailability, such as divorce, parental illness, parental alcoholism, and domestic violence. This construct was assessed using the Parentification Questionnaire - Youth, a 20 item self-report survey for children and adolescents. Participants consisted of 22 children, ages 7-17, from military families with a deployed parent and military families without a deployed parent. After removing two statistical outliers from the intact military families group, an independent samples t-test was conducted. It was found that there was a significant difference between military families with a deployed parent and military families without a deployed parent. Military families with a deployed parent had higher rates of parentification than military families without a deployed parent. Limitations include a small sample size due to time constraints, the possible presence of one or both parents during the questionnaire, and lack of control groups. Future research should include a larger sample size, increase the comparison to more family groups (i.e. civilian, divorced, separated by work), and assess possible positive or negative impacts of parentification on military children from families separated by deployment

Nuevas aportaciones a la platería azuaya de los siglos XVI y XVII.

Sin resume

Nueva aportaciones a la platería azuaya de los siglos XVI y XVII

p. 57-70En el presente trabajo no nos va a importar el arte de la platería en un sentido puramente estético y formal, sino como una actividad dentro de la la vida de una ciudad de las Indias, Cuenca del Perú. Nos interesa, sobre todo, la labor ejercida por los plateros, su situación social y económica, su pertenencia a una determinada raza..., en fin, lo que creemos que nos ofrece una mejor visión de un determinado modo de vida que se estaba dando en aquellas latitudes. Todo ello dentro de un marco en el que los diferentes gremios no han sido estudiados con la suficiente profundidad como para obtener una visión clara del conjunto. Hace unos años la Universidad de León publicó la primera obra existente sobre platería ecuatoriana, producto de una investigación que geográficamente se centraba en la provincia de Azuay entre los siglos XVI y XIX, con ello comenzaron a desvelarse algunas incógnitas más sobre el arte colonial de la antigua Audiencia de Quito, en lo que fue uno de los grandes centros artísticos de aquel territorio, la ciudad de Cuenca, capital de la actual provincia de Azuay.S

Nueva aportaciones a la platería azuaya de los siglos XVI y XVII

P. 57-70Análisis sobre la actividad de la platería en la Cuenca del PerúS

De integración e identidades. Portugueses en las cofradías limeñas, 1571-1680

The objective of this article is to identify the extent of integration of Portuguese residents in Lima between 1571 and 1680 through the analysis of the links they created with the confraternities and brotherhoods of the city. There were no national associations in Colonial Lima that would have exclusively accommodated the Portuguese immigrants, as there had been in Early Modern Spain. The Portuguese therefore chose other diverse institutions —some of Spanish foundation—, revealing a sense of openness of this foreign group toward their adopted land.El objeto de este artículo es identificar la capacidad de integración de los portugueses residentes en Lima entre 1571-1680, a través del análisis de los vínculos creados con las cofradías y hermandades de la ciudad. No hubo en la Lima colonial asociaciones de carácter nacional que agrupasen de forma exclusiva a los inmigrantes portugueses, como sí ocurrió, en cambio, en la España Moderna. De esta manera, el grupo extranjero que nos ocupa, puso de manifiesto su intención de procurar diversas estrategias para integrarse a la tierra de adopción

A combined analytical-experimental investigation of friction in cylinder liner inserts under mixed and boundary regimes of lubrication

It is necessary to develop an analytical solution in order to combine predictions with measured tribological parameters and fundamentally understand the mechanism of lubrication in a typical region of engine cycle, using tribometric studies. This paper deals with the development of such a representative approach. An analytical, rather than a numerical approach is expounded, as it is shown to suffice for the purpose of precise time-efficient predictions, which conform well to the measurements. The effect of surface topography, material and operating conditions are ascertained for the representative case of top compression ring—cylinder liner contact at the top dead centre reversal in transition from the compression to power stroke. Stainless steel uncoated surface used as press fit cylinder liners for niche original equipment manufacturer applications are compared with those furnished with a Nickel-Silicon Carbide wear-resistant coating of choice in high performance motorsport

Ionic liquids as tribological performance improving additive for in-service and used fully-formulated diesel engine lubricants

In recent years, several papers have been published that investigate the potential use of ionic liquids (ILs) as additives in lubricants. However, corrosive attack of ILs on lubricated metal surfaces and low miscibility of ILs in the non-polar oils are major obstacles to maintaining an optimum lubrication performance level. High miscibility and no corrosive behaviour of Trihexyltetradecyl phosphonium bis(2,4,4-tri-methylpentyl) phosphinate and Trihexyltetradecyl phosphonium bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, as lubricating oil additives have recently been described in literature. This article presents work on using these phosphonium based ILs as an additive in the fully formulated diesel engine lubricants. This approach could allow the used lubricants to recover their tribological performance for further use at the end of service life. This extension of service life has the potential to generate significant economic and environmental benefits. Also it will add to the much needed knowledge about the effect of interaction between ILs and existing additives in engine-aged lubricants on the tribological performance of ring-liner tribo-system of diesel engines. Results revealed an improvement in friction and antiwear performance of used lubricant by addition of both ILs. However an increase in wear was noted for new (fresh) and in-service lubricant samples. An interesting interference between existing lubricant additives and added ILs in a boundary film formation process has been observed