57 research outputs found

    Combining the bulk transfer formulation and surface renewal analysis for estimating the sensible heat flux without involving the parameter KB-1

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    The single‐source bulk transfer formulation (based on the Monin‐Obukhov Similarity Theory, MOST) has been used to estimate the sensible heat flux, H, in the framework of remote sensing over homogeneous surfaces (HMOST). The latter involves the canopy parameter, , which is difficult to parameterize. Over short and dense grass at a site influenced by regional advection of sensible heat flux, HMOST with  = 2 (i.e., the value recommended) correlated strongly with the H measured using the Eddy Covariance, EC, method, HEC. However, it overestimated HEC by 50% under stable conditions for samples showing a local air temperature gradient larger than the measurement error, 0.4 km−1. Combining MOST and Surface Renewal analysis, three methods of estimating H that avoid dependency have been derived. These new expressions explain the variability of H versus , where is the friction velocity, is the radiometric surface temperature, and is the air temperature at height, z. At two measurement heights, the three methods performed excellently. One of the methods developed required the same readily/commonly available inputs as HMOST due to the fact that the ratio between and the ramp amplitude was found fairly constant under stable and unstable cases. Over homogeneous canopies, at a site influenced by regional advection of sensible heat flux, the methods proposed are an alternative to the traditional bulk transfer method because they are reliable, exempt of calibration against the EC method, and are comparable or identical in cost of application. It is suggested that the methodology may be useful over bare soil and sparse vegetation.This research was funded by CERESS project AGL2011–30498 (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain, cofunded FEDER), CGL2012–37416‐C04‐01 (Ministerio de Ciencia y Innovación of Spain), and CEI Iberus, 2014 (Proyecto financiado por el Ministerio de Educación en el marco del Programa Campus de Excelencia Internacional of Spain)

    Reintroducing radiometric surface temperature into the Penman-Monteith formulation

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    Here we demonstrate a novel method to physically integrate radiometric surface temperature (TR) into the Penman-Monteith (PM) formulation for estimating the terrestrial sensible and latent heat fluxes (H and λE) in the framework of a modified Surface Temperature Initiated Closure (STIC). It combines TR data with standard energy balance closure models for deriving a hybrid scheme that does not require parameterization of the surface (or stomatal) and aerodynamic conductances (gS and gB). STIC is formed by the simultaneous solution of four state equations and it uses TR as an additional data source for retrieving the “near surface” moisture availability (M) and the Priestley-Taylor coefficient (α). The performance of STIC is tested using high-temporal resolution TR observations collected from different international surface energy flux experiments in conjunction with corresponding net radiation (RN), ground heat flux (G), air temperature (TA), and relative humidity (RH) measurements. A comparison of the STIC outputs with the eddy covariance measurements of λE and H revealed RMSDs of 7–16% and 40–74% in half-hourly λE and H estimates. These statistics were 5–13% and 10–44% in daily λE and H. The errors and uncertainties in both surface fluxes are comparable to the models that typically use land surface parameterizations for determining the unobserved components (gS and gB) of the surface energy balance models. However, the scheme is simpler, has the capabilities for generating spatially explicit surface energy fluxes and independent of submodels for boundary layer developments

    Notes pĂ©dagogiques sur l’enseignement de la langue française

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    Troufleau L. Notes pĂ©dagogiques sur l’enseignement de la langue française. In: La revue pĂ©dagogique, tome 44, Janvier-Juin 1904. pp. 218-231

    L'espace du logement en France

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    The space of housing in France.— The contem- pory geography of space allocation to housing is not very far from the traditional one. The distribution of new individual housing among the different rural and urban localizations and the choices of urban use of land don't describe France as a homogeneous country from the space allocation point of view, and bring a more qualified picture of the "space consumption".Les France de l'affectation d'espace au logement, Ă  travers les types de localisation des constructions et les comportements face au foncier constructible, tĂ©moignent de la persistance de certaines gĂ©ographies culturelles. Ces diffĂ©renciations rĂ©gionales rendent caduque l'image d'un pays homogĂšne quant au processus d'urbanisation du territoire et surtout permettent de nuancer la responsabilitĂ© de la tendance pavillonnaire dans la «consommation d'espace».Troufleau Pascal. L'espace du logement en France. In: Espace gĂ©ographique, tome 21, n°1, 1992. pp. 36-46

    Estimation du flux de chaleur sensible sur couverts épars par télédétection infrarouge thermique et multicapteur. Applications aux zones arides et semi-arides

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    The radiative energy reaching the surface is basically converted into latent heat (evapotranspiration) and sensible heat (heating of the surface), the later one being a function of the surface aerodynamic temperature which can be replaced by the thermal infrared temperature providing that a corrective term (kB-1) is used. The value of this corrective term is generally taken as a constant for homogeneous surfaces but several experimental results suggest a higher and more variable value for sparse cover, mainly due to the temperature difference between soil surface and vegetation, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Actually, this corrective factor is shown here to be a fitting parameter without any physical meaning and both modelling and experimental results (HAPEX-Sahel, Niger and MONSOON'90, Arizona) confirm its dependence on vegetation density as well as on meteorological conditions and water status. A second method, taking into account the soil and vegetation temperatures obtained from combined visible, IRT and radar data, is proposed and discussed. / L'Ă©nergie radiative atteignant la surface terrestre est redistribuĂ©e principalement sous forme de chaleur latente (Ă©vapotranspiration) et de chaleur sensible (Ă©chauffement de la surface). Ce dernier terme est fonction de la tempĂ©rature aĂ©rodynamique de surface qui peut ĂȘtre assimilĂ©e Ă  la tempĂ©rature radiative (infrarouge thermique, IRT) moyennant l'introduction d'un facteur correctif (kB-1) dont la valeur est gĂ©nĂ©ralement considĂ©rĂ©e constante dans le cas de surfaces homogĂšnes. Plusieurs rĂ©sultats expĂ©rimentaux suggĂšrent en revanche une valeur plus Ă©levĂ©e et surtout fortement variable dans le cas de couverts Ă©pars, du fait du fort contraste thermique entre sol et vĂ©gĂ©tation, notamment dans les zones arides et semi-arides. A partir d'une modĂ©lisation thĂ©orique et de rĂ©sultats expĂ©rimentaux (HAPEX-Sahel au Niger et MONSOON'90 en Arizona), il est demontrĂ©, d'une part, que ce facteur correctif doit en fait ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ© comme un paramĂštre d'ajustement empirique dĂ©nuĂ© de tout sens physique et, d'autre part, que sa valeur dĂ©pends fortement de la densitĂ© du couvert, mais aussi des conditions mĂ©tĂ©orologiques et hydriques. Une seconde mĂ©thode, prenant explicitement en compte les tempĂ©ratures du sol et de la vĂ©gĂ©tation obtenues par tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection visible, IRT et radar, est proposĂ©e et analysĂ©e

    SpĂ©cificitĂ© de l'organisation spatiale des bassins de main-d'Ɠuvre et d'emploi des petites villes

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    ENG : Commuting flows! small towns! employment poles! spatial interaction! regression analysis! gravity model!L'intĂ©gration de petits pĂŽles d'emploi dans l'aire des migrations alternantes franciliennes entraine une diffĂ©renciation croissante entre lieu de travail et lieu de rĂ©sidence. Ainsi, des flux centripĂštes locaux sont compliquĂ©s par des flux centrifuges rĂ©gionaux. On essaie de montrer ici la spĂ©cificitĂ© des bassins d'emploi et de main-d'Ɠuvre de petites villes placĂ©es dans une telle situation, ce Ă  l'aide d'un modĂšle de gravitation classique et de rĂ©gressions rendant compte des contraintes de distance.Troufleau Pascal. SpĂ©cificitĂ© de l'organisation spatiale des bassins de main-d'Ɠuvre et d'emploi des petites villes . In: Annales de GĂ©ographie, t. 103, n°578, 1994. pp. 379-395

    L’Enseignement de la Grammaire

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    Troufleau L. L’Enseignement de la Grammaire. In: La revue pĂ©dagogique, tome 45, Juillet-DĂ©cembre 1904. pp. 575-579

    Géographie des comportements électoraux en Eure-et-Loir. Essai d'explication socio-économique et problÚmes méthodologiques

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    Geographical patterns of voting behaviours in Eure-et-Loir (France). — The connection between geographical patterns of votes and socioeconomic features brings up many problems of methodology. The typical behaviours of each polling type, the definition of socioeconomic factors and the spatial interactions making the local 'causalities' more or less irrelevant, represent some difficulties that must be treated with caution. We intend to show the limits of the usual frameworks of interpretation by dealing with the special case of the voters for the nationalist party (extreme right) in Eure-et-Loir (France). The linkage between the voting behaviour and the socioeconomic context seems to be more dependent on neighbourhood effects than on local determinisms and indicates demographic transformations bringing foreign attitudes of vote, more than specific political responses to the local characteristics.Relier les configurations territoriales des scores Ă©lectoraux aux configurations socio-Ă©conomiques susceptibles d'en rendre compte pose de nombreux problĂšmes d'ordre mĂ©thodologique. La diversitĂ© des consultations Ă©lectorales entraĂźnant des comportements spĂ©cifiques, la dĂ©finition des variables explicatives et les interactions spatiales compliquant les relations locales de cause Ă  effet, constituent autant de difficultĂ©s qu'il convient d'aborder avec prudence. On se propose ici de montrer Ă  partir d'un exemple dĂ©partemental particulier (l'Eure-et-Loir) les limites des cadres interprĂ©tatifs habituels, notamment en ce qui concerne l'Ă©lectorat d'extrĂȘme droite. Les corrĂ©lations entre comportements Ă©lectoraux collectifs et environnements socio-Ă©conomiques s'avĂšrent d'une part dĂ©pendre davantage d'effets de voisinage que de dĂ©terminations directes Ă  l'Ă©chelon local et, d'autre part, correspondre Ă  des mutations dĂ©mographiques majeures oĂč l'importation d'habitudes de vote allochtones semble jouer parfois un plus grand rĂŽle que les caractĂ©ristiques locales rĂ©pondant aux «thĂšmes porteurs» des tendances politiques.Troufleau Pascal. GĂ©ographie des comportements Ă©lectoraux en Eure-et-Loir. Essai d'explication socio-Ă©conomique et problĂšmes mĂ©thodologiques. In: Espace gĂ©ographique, tome 24, n°2, 1995. pp. 155-168
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