Regulatory environment and industry response to market needs : the example of medicinal products intended for minor uses/minor species ("mums")

The range of veterinary medicinal products intended for minor uses and minor species (MUMS) is small. This is due to the fact that regulatory requirements governing marketing authorizations for medicinal products are being increasingly tightened, and that the necessary investments are too large for such small markets. Despite increasing awareness over the past few years, and the recent implementation of specific measures intended to facilitate the access to the market for these minor use drugs, the problem remains. For health, economic, industrial, and social reasons, efforts to improve veterinary medicines availability must continue. A survey conducted among French animal health companies showed that the know-how to produce medicines for MUMS is there, but that a coherent regulatory policy and public/private partnerships are needed.La gamme de médicaments vétérinaires destinés aux espèces mineures et indications mineures (« MUMS ») est restreinte. Cette situation résulte de l'accroissement progressif et constant des exigences réglementaires liées à l'obtention des autorisations de mise sur le marché des médicaments, les investissements qu'elles entraînent ne pouvant être réalisés lorsque le marché en jeu est trop petit. Malgré une prise de conscience intervenue ces dernières années, et la mise en oeuvre récente de quelques dispositions spécifiques destinées à faciliter l'accès au marché des médicaments pour les MUMS, le problème persiste. Pour des raisons sanitaires, économiques, industrielles et sociétales, la recherche d'une meilleure disponibilité du médicament vétérinaire doit être poursuivie. Une enquête menée auprès des industriels français de ce secteur montre que le savoir-faire disponible pourrait se traduire en médicaments pour les MUMS dans la mesure où une politique cohérente d'adaptation des exigences réglementaires et de collaboration public/privé verrait le jour

The Signal-Chain at 'Proton – das freie Radio' : from Outplay to FM-Signal

nicht vorhande

Applications of Nanoscale Materials in the Fields of Electrochemistry and Photoelectrochemistry

We have illustrated the important role played by the nanoscale materials in three-up-to-date energy topics

PLR (Plastic Lithium Rechargeable) Batteries Using Nanoscale Materials: A Convenient Electrical Energy Power for the Future?

This communication describes the synthesis of: (i) non toxic and low cost nanocrystalline electrode materials which can be advantageously prepared at low temperature; (ii) highly conductive electrolyte membranes formed by the nano-encapsulation within a poly (acrylonitrile)-based polymer matrix of a solution of LiPF6 in organic solvants. The performances of rechargeable PLR (Plastic Lithium Rechargeable) batteries using the above mentioned components are presented

An Agent-Based Model to study the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of Influenza viruses

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Influenza A viruses exhibit complex epidemiological patterns in a number of mammalian and avian hosts. Understanding transmission of these viruses necessitates taking into account their evolution, which represents a challenge for developing mathematical models. This is because the phrasing of multi-strain systems in terms of traditional compartmental ODE models either requires simplifying assumptions to be made that overlook important evolutionary processes, or leads to complex dynamical systems that are too cumbersome to analyse.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Here, we develop an Individual-Based Model (IBM) in order to address simultaneously the ecology, epidemiology and evolution of strain-polymorphic pathogens, using Influenza A viruses as an illustrative example.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We carry out careful validation of our IBM against comparable mathematical models to demonstrate the robustness of our algorithm and the sound basis for this novel framework. We discuss how this new approach can give critical insights in the study of influenza evolution.</p

: Gender differences in STEMI

International audienceBACKGROUND: Gender differences in presentation, management and outcome in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have been reported. AIM: To determine whether female gender is associated with higher inhospital mortality. METHODS: Data from ORBI, a regional STEMI registry of 5 years' standing, were analysed. The main data on presentation, management, inhospital outcome and prescription at discharge were compared between genders. Various adjusted hazard ratios were then calculated for inhospital mortality (women versus men). RESULTS: The analysis included 5000 patients (mean age 62.6±13 years), with 1174 women (23.5%). Women were on average 8 years older than men, with more frequent co-morbidities. Median ischaemia time was 215 minutes (26 minutes longer in women; P<0.05). Reperfusion strategies in women less frequently involved fibrinolysis, coronary angiography, radial access and thrombo-aspiration. Female gender, especially in patients aged<60 years, was associated with poorer inhospital prognosis (including higher inhospital mortality: 9% vs. 4% in men; P<0.0001), and underutilization of recommended treatments at discharge. Moreover, excess female inhospital mortality was independent of presentation, revascularization time and reperfusion strategy (hazard ratio for women 1.33, 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.76; P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: One in four patients admitted for STEMI was female, with significant differences in presentation. Female gender was associated with less-optimal treatment, both in the acute-phase and at discharge. Efforts should be made to reduce these differences, especially as female gender was independently associated with an elevated risk of inhospital mortality

Les auges doubles de Malia

Treuil René. Les auges doubles de Malia. In: Bulletin de correspondance hellénique. Volume 95, livraison 1, 1971. pp. 13-42