Corrigendum: The silent epidemic of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents in italy during the covid-19 pandemic in 2020(Front. Endocrinol., (2022), 13, (878634), 10.3389/fendo.2022.878634)

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A Multicenter Retrospective Survey regarding Diabetic Ketoacidosis Management in Italian Children with Type 1 Diabetes

We conducted a retrospective survey in pediatric centers belonging to the Italian Society for Pediatric Diabetology and Endocrinology. The following data were collected for all new-onset diabetes patients aged 0-18 years: DKA (pH < 7.30), severe DKA (pH < 7.1), DKA in preschool children, DKA treatment according to ISPAD protocol, type of rehydrating solution used, bicarbonates use, and amount of insulin infused. Records (n = 2453) of children with newly diagnosed diabetes were collected from 68/77 centers (87%), 39 of which are tertiary referral centers, the majority of whom (n = 1536, 89.4%) were diagnosed in the tertiary referral centers. DKA was observed in 38.5% and severe DKA in 10.3%. Considering preschool children, DKA was observed in 72%, and severe DKA in 16.7%. Cerebral edema following DKA treatment was observed in 5 (0.5%). DKA treatment according to ISPAD guidelines was adopted in 68% of the centers. In the first 2 hours, rehydration was started with normal saline in all centers, but with different amount. Bicarbonate was quite never been used. Insulin was infused starting from third hour at the rate of 0.05-0.1 U/kg/h in 72% of centers. Despite prevention campaign, DKA is still observed in Italian children at onset, with significant variability in DKA treatment, underlying the need to share guidelines among centers

Fracture toughness of vinyl ester composites reinforced with sawdust and postcured in microwaves

A commercial vinyl ester resin supplied by Hetron Chemical Pty. was reinforced with varying percentages by weight of sawdust. The sawdust particles were sieved into 3 different sizes, which were <300 μm, 300–425 μm, and 425–1180 μm, respectively, with a view to increase its fracture toughness for civil and structural applications. The sawdust used varied from 0% w/t to 15% w/t in step of 5% w/t. For higher w/t% of sawdust, the mixture would be too sticky to be mixed and cast. The cast composites were cured in ambient conditions and then postcured in microwave irradiation. They were then tested for fracture toughness using short bar tests. The values of fracture toughness of the composites increased with increasing particulate size, and this is due to the size distribution of the filler. It was found that the optimum amount of sawdust (425–1180 μm) was 15% w/t, with which the increase in fracture toughness was 126% as compared to neat resin and the reduction in cost was 15%. Furthermore, the optimum amount of sawdust (300–425 μm) was also 15% w/t, with which the increase in fracture toughness was 28.3% as compared to neat resin and the reduction in cost was again 15%

Optimum percentage of fly ash reinforcement in vinyl ester composites

The previous work of another group of researchers found that the modulus of tension, flexural and compression increased with increasing percentage by volume of fly ash. They also documented that the viscosity of the composite increased exponentially with increasing percentage by volume of the filler. The viscosity increased sharply when the percentage by volume of reinforcer is between 35 to 50%. They failed to mention the highest percentage by weight of fly ash that could be added to the resin to get highest mechanical properties while still ensuring that the composite could be cast into moulds with ease. This project attempts to find out the optimum percentage by weight of slg in vinyl ester resin as far as yield strength, tensile strength, Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the composite are taken into account. The research found that 33% by weight of filler is a favourable and convenient percentage by weight of slg to use because up to this percentage by weight of reinforcement, the mechanical properties like modulus of tension are increasing with the increase in percentage by weight of filler, while at the same time the viscosity is not high enough to prevent ease of casting the composite into moulds

A pilot study on the flexural properties of vinyl ester composites filled with glass powder

Vinyl ester resin was filled with of glass powder with a view to increasing the flexural strength of the composites for civil and structural applications by a research Centre on composites, University of Southern Queensland (USQ). In order to reduce costs, the Centre wishes to fill as much glass powder as possible to the resin subject to maintaining sufficient strength of the composites in civil and structural applications. This project varies the percentage by weight of the glass powder in the composites, which are then subjected to flexural tests. The flexural strength and strain of the glass powder filled vinyl ester composites decreased with increasing filler content but the flexural modulus was highest at 20 w/t % of glass powder. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to analyze the fractured samples and it was found that the fractured surfaces examined were correlated with the flexural properties

Tensile tests of phenol formaldehyde SLG reinforced composites: pilot study

Phenol formaldehyde was filled with Envirospheres SLG to increase the strength and impact toughness of the composite for structural applications by the Centre of Excellence in Engineered Fiber Composites (CEEFC), University of Southern Queensland (USQ). In order to reduce costs, the Centre wishes to fill as much SLG as possible subject to maintaining sufficient strength and impact toughness of the composites in structural applications. This project varies the percentages by weight of the SLG in the composites which are then subjected to tensile tests. The results show that composite with 10 % by weight of the SLG produces the highest yield, tensile strengths and Young’s modulus combined with a reasonable fluidity for casting

Fracture toughness of phenol formaldehyde composites reinforced with e-spheres

A commercial phenol formaldehyde based resole thermosetting resin supplied by Borden Chemical Australia Pty. was reinforced with ceramic-based fillers (SLG) to increase its fracture toughness. This is the second study of the same series. By testing fracture toughness and viscosity at a range of filler addition levels, the optimal addition of SLG was determined in terms of workability, cost and performance. The composites obtained were post-cured in conventional oven as in the previous study. The original contributions of this paper include lowering the cost of the composite (35% w/t of SLG) by 50 % but at the same time its the fracture toughness was reduced only by 20 % (compared to the neat resin), and increasing the fire resistance of the resins tremendously. It was also found that the values of fracture toughness of the samples in this study were higher than those obtained in the previous study when the percentage by weight of SLG varies from 0 to 35%. The shapes of the plots of fracture toughness against percentage by weight of SLG were also different. The possible reasons for the differences were explained

Flexural tests of phenol formaldehyde and SLG composites: pilot study

Phenol formaldehyde was filled with Envirospheres slg to increase the strength of the composite for structural applications by a research Centre on composites, University of Southern Queensland (USQ). In order to reduce costs, the Centre wishes to fill as much slg as possible subject to maintaining sufficient strength of the composites in structural applications. This project varies the percentage by weight of the slg in the composites which are then subjected to flexural tests. The results show that composite with 25 % by weight of the slg produces the highest flexural strength and Young’s modulus combined with a reasonable fluidity for casting; the highest flexural strain was achieved when the percentage by weight of slg is 10 %