Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of feed enzymes on growth and nutrient digestibility in grow-finisher pigs: Effect of enzyme type and cereal source

peer-reviewedDietary supplementation of pig diets with exogenous enzymes has been suggested as a strategy to increase nutrient digestibility and improve feed efficiency in grow-finisher pigs. However, inconsistent results are found in the literature. Ingredient composition of the diets is one of the most important sources of variation that may affect enzyme efficacy and consistency of results. A systematic review and a meta-analysis was therefore conducted to determine which exogenous enzymes with which diet type most consistently improve pig growth, nutrient digestibility and feed efficiency. Enzyme type and dietary cereal source were the main explanatory variables included in the models. The mean difference effects of enzyme supplementation on average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain to feed (G:F), apparent ileal digestibility (AiD) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and gross energy (GE) were calculated for each study and these were used as the effect size estimates in the meta-analysis. A dataset with 139 comparisons from 67 peer-reviewed publications was used in the meta-analysis. In response to enzyme supplementation, G:F was improved in 38 of the 120 comparisons reporting pig growth data, remained un-changed in 78 and deteriorated in 4. Overall, DM and GE AiD, and ATTD were improved by xylanase, xylanase + β-glucanase, mannanase and protease dietary supplementation (P < 0.05). Crude protein AiD was only improved by protease dietary supplementation (P < 0.001). Dietary supplementation with xylanase alone improved ADG of maize- (P < 0.05) and co-product- (P < 0.05) based diets but had no effect on the G:F of grow-finisher pigs. Dietary supplementation with xylanase + β-glucanase had no effect on ADG, ADFI and G:F. Protease supplementation tended to improve the ADG of grow-finisher pigs fed co-product-based diets (P = 0.08) but had no effect on G:F. Dietary supplementation with multi-enzyme complexes improved the ADG (P < 0.05) and G:F (P < 0.01) of maize-, wheat-, barley- and co-product-based diets. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with all enzyme types improved nutrient digestibility depending on ingredient content, while mannanase and multi-enzyme complex supplementation most consistently improved growth and feed efficiency

Effect of Raw and Extruded Propionic Acid-Treated Field Beans on Energy and Crude Protein Digestibility (In-Vitro and In-Vivo), Growth and Carcass Quality in Grow-Finisher Pigs

The in-vitro ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP) of field beans treated with propionic acid (trFB) and extruded trFB (exFB) was determined in experiment 1. The DE and dCP values of trFB and exFB were determined using the difference method in experiment 2. The effect of replacing SBM with trFB and exFB in grow-finisher diets on growth, carcass quality, apparent ileal digestibility (AiD), and total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, OM, gross energy (GE), and CP were investigated in experiment 3. In exp. 1, in-vitro digestibility of exFB compared to trFB was unchanged for DM (p = 0.12), increased for OM (p 0.05).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Identifying challenges to manage body weight variation in pig farms implementing all-in-all-out management practices and their possible implications for animal health: a case study

peer-reviewedBackground Managing body weight (BW) variation is a challenge in farrow-to-finish farms implementing all-in/all-out (AIAO) production systems due to the lack of “off-site” facilities to segregate slow growing pigs (SGP). This case study investigated different approaches to managing BW variation in a farrow-to-finish commercial pig farm with a self-declared AIAO management and the possible implications for animal health. Case presentation A total of 1096 pigs (1047 pigs born within 1 week plus 49 pigs born 1 week later) were tracked until slaughter as they moved through the production stages. Piglets were individually tagged at birth and their location on the farm was recorded on a weekly basis. In total, 10.3% of pigs died during lactation. Four main cohorts of pigs were created at weaning and retrospectively identified: cohort 1 = pigs weaned at 21 days (4.5%); cohort 2 = pigs weaned at 28 days (81.0%), which was sub-divided at the end of the first nursery stage into sub-cohort 2a = pigs split at 3 weeks post-weaning (29.7%); sub-cohort 2b = pigs split at 3 weeks post-weaning from cohort 2a and split again 5 weeks post-weaning (35.5%) and sub-cohort 2c = remaining smaller size pigs from cohort 2b (10.9%); cohort 3 = pigs weaned at 35 days (2.7%) and cohort 4 = pigs weaned at 49 days (1.5%) that were later mixed with SPG, delayed pigs from other cohorts and sick/injured pigs that recovered. Four strategies to manage BW variation were identified: i) earlier weaning (cohort 1); ii) delayed weaning of SGP (cohort 3 and 4); iii) re-grading pens by BW (sub-cohorts 2a, 2b and 2c) and, iv) delayed movement of SGP to the next production stage (several pigs from all cohorts). A higher percentage of delayed pigs presented pericarditis, pleurisy and enzootic pneumonia like lesions at slaughter compared with pigs under other strategies. Conclusion A variety of management practices were implemented to minimise BW variation during the production cycle. However, several cohorts of pigs were created disrupting AIAO management. Earlier weaning should only be practiced under specific circumstances where optimal animal health and welfare are guaranteed. Delayed weaning of SGP and delaying pigs to move to the next production stage could negatively affect animal health and should be avoided

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Effect of phytase, carbohydrase, and protease addition to a wheat distillers dried grains with solubles and rapeseed based diet on in vitro ileal digestibility, growth, and bone mineral density of grower-finisher pigs

peer-reviewedThe use of rapeseed meal (RSM) and wheat distillers dried grains with solubles (wDDGS) in pig diets is increasing and dietary supplementation with exogenous enzymes has been suggested as means of improving feed efficiency in pigs. The objective of this experiment was to examine the effect of phytase (Phy), a xylanase and β-glucanase complex (XB), protease (Prot) and their various combinations when included in a wDDGS- and RSM-based diet fed to grower-finisher pigs. As the P- and Ca- sparing effect of Phy is well proven, the objective was to examine the additional effects of Phy beyond its P- and Ca-sparing effects. A total of 144 pigs with an initial live weight of 40.1 ± 2.0 kg were assigned to 8 treatments with 9 pens (4 female and 5 male pens) per treatment and 2 females or 2 males per pen. The basal diet was formulated to contain 96 and 200 g/kg of RSM and wDDGS, respectively. The basal diet was supplemented with Phy (0 or 100 mg/kg), XB (0 or 100 mg/kg), and Prot (0 or 200 mg/kg) in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Experimental diets were fed for 76 d. Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were recorded, and gain to feed (G:F) was calculated. Carcass quality variables were measured at slaughter and the left forelimb of pigs fed the unsupplemented, the Phy supplemented and the Phy + Prot supplemented diets were removed to determine bone mineral density in the third metacarpal. The inclusion of Phy, XB and Prot in the diets increased in vitro ileal digestibility of dry matter and organic matter (P < 0.05). A tendency towards a 3-way interaction among Phy, XB and Prot was observed for ADG (P = 0.06) and G:F (P = 0.06). The 2-way interactions and main effects did not reveal any improvement for any variable measured in vivo in response to dietary enzyme supplementation. Bone mineral density was not different for pigs fed the unsupplemented, the Phy supplemented and the Phy + Prot supplemented diets. In conclusion, the in vitro ileal digestibility improvements observed were not always reflected in improvements in pig growth, feed efficiency or both. The efficacy of Phy was not reduced when supplemented in combination with Prot, as ADG, G:F, carcass quality and bone mineralization were unchanged

Effect of phytase, carbohydrase, and protease addition to a wheat distillers dried grains with solubles and rapeseed based diet on in vitro ileal digestibility, growth, and bone mineral density of grower-finisher pigs

The use of rapeseed meal (RSM) and wheat distillers dried grains with solubles (wDDGS) in pig diets is increasing and dietary supplementation with exogenous enzymes has been suggested as means of improving feed efficiency in pigs. The objective of this experiment was to examine the effect of phytase (Phy), a xylanase and β-glucanase complex (XB), protease (Prot) and their various combinations when included in a wDDGS- and RSM-based diet fed to grower-finisher pigs. As the P- and Ca- sparing effect of Phy is well proven, the objective was to examine the additional effects of Phy beyond its P- and Ca-sparing effects. A total of 144 pigs with an initial live weight of 40.1 ± 2.0 kg were assigned to 8 treatments with 9 pens (4 female and 5 male pens) per treatment and 2 females or 2 males per pen. The basal diet was formulated to contain 96 and 200 g/kg of RSM and wDDGS, respectively. The basal diet was supplemented with Phy (0 or 100 mg/kg), XB (0 or 100 mg/kg), and Prot (0 or 200 mg/kg) in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Experimental diets were fed for 76 d. Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were recorded, and gain to feed (G:F) was calculated. Carcass quality variables were measured at slaughter and the left forelimb of pigs fed the unsupplemented, the Phy supplemented and the Phy + Prot supplemented diets were removed to determine bone mineral density in the third metacarpal. The inclusion of Phy, XB and Prot in the diets increased in vitro ileal digestibility of dry matter and organic matter (P < 0.05). A tendency towards a 3-way interaction among Phy, XB and Prot was observed for ADG (P = 0.06) and G:F (P = 0.06). The 2-way interactions and main effects did not reveal any improvement for any variable measured in vivo in response to dietary enzyme supplementation. Bone mineral density was not different for pigs fed the unsupplemented, the Phy supplemented and the Phy + Prot supplemented diets. In conclusion, the in vitro ileal digestibility improvements observed were not always reflected in improvements in pig growth, feed efficiency or both. The efficacy of Phy was not reduced when supplemented in combination with Prot, as ADG, G:F, carcass quality and bone mineralization were unchanged

Effect of feed enzymes on digestibility and growth in weaned pigs: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Supplementation of post-weaning diets with exogenous enzymes has been suggested to control post-weaning syndrome, by compensating for the under-developed endogenous enzyme secretory capacity and increasing nutrient digestibility in newly weaned pigs. The effect of in-feed enzymes in improving gut maturation, growth and/or health in weaned piglets is not always consistent. A systematic review and a meta-analysis were therefore conducted to determine which exogenous enzymes are most consistent in improving piglet growth and digestibility when supplemented to post-weaning diets. The mean difference effect of enzyme supplementation on growth and digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), and P digestibility was calculated for each study and this was used as the effect size estimate in the meta-analysis. The impact of feed enzyme supplementation on intestinal health and bone mineralization was also discussed where information was available in the literature. From a total of 90 studies included in the metaanalysis, G:F was improved in 55, remained un-changed in 28 and deteriorated in 7, in response to enzyme supplementation. Average daily gain, average daily feed intake (ADFI) and G:F was improved when phytase was supplemented in the diet. Phosphorous digestibility was increased with phytase supplementation while GE digestibility was reduced. Dietary phytase supplementation increased bone mineralization in pigs fed diets with a reduced Pcontent. Supplementation with multi-enzyme complexes increased DM and CP digestibility. In conclusion, the most consistent improvement in piglet growth, P digestibility and bone mineralization were found due to exogenous phytase supplementation. Supplementation with xylanase alone or in combination with β-glucanase had inconsistent effects on piglet growth and nutrient digestibility. The most consistent improvements in growth and nutrient digestibility due to supplementation with multi-enzymes complexes were found when mannanase and/or protease were included in the complex.COST Action FA1401 PiGutNe

Effect of cereal soaking and carbohydrase supplementation on growth, nutrient digestibility and intestinal microbiota in liquid-fed grow-finishing pigs

peer-reviewedThis study aimed to determine the impact of fermenting the cereal fraction of the diet (Cferm) and enzyme supplementation (ENZ) on the bacterial composition of the feed, nutrient digestibility, pig growth, feed efciency (FE), intestinal volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations and intestinal microbiota composition. A total of 252 grow-fnisher pigs (~ 40.4 kg; 7 pigs/pen) were randomly allocated to 4 diets in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement for 55d. The diets were: (1) fresh liquid feed (Fresh); (2) Cferm liquid feed (Ferm); (3) Fresh+ENZ and (4) Ferm+ENZ. Cferm increased total tract nutrient digestibility, reduced caecal butyrate and propionate concentrations, and increased average daily gain (ADG). ENZ increased ileal and total tract nutrient digestibility, reduced caecal isobutyrate and propionate concentrations, and improved FE. Bacterial taxa positively correlated with pig growth (Lactobacillus kisonensis in the ileum and Roseburia faecis in the caecum) were more abundant in pigs fed ENZ diets, whereas most of the ileal bacterial taxa negatively correlated with growth (Megasphaera, Bifdobacterium and Streptococcus) had lower abundance in pigs fed Cferm diets. In conclusion, Cferm increased ADG and ENZ improved FE, with these improvements possibly mediated by increased nutrient digestibility, and benefcial modulation of the intestinal microbiota.Seventh Framework Programm

COVID-19 in hospitalized HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients : A matched study

CatedresObjectives: We compared the characteristics and clinical outcomes of hospitalized individuals with COVID-19 with [people with HIV (PWH)] and without (non-PWH) HIV co-infection in Spain during the first wave of the pandemic. Methods: This was a retrospective matched cohort study. People with HIV were identified by reviewing clinical records and laboratory registries of 10 922 patients in active-follow-up within the Spanish HIV Research Network (CoRIS) up to 30 June 2020. Each hospitalized PWH was matched with five non-PWH of the same age and sex randomly selected from COVID-19@Spain, a multicentre cohort of 4035 patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19. The main outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality. Results: Forty-five PWH with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 were identified in CoRIS, 21 of whom were hospitalized. A total of 105 age/sex-matched controls were selected from the COVID-19@Spain cohort. The median age in both groups was 53 (Q1-Q3, 46-56) years, and 90.5% were men. In PWH, 19.1% were injecting drug users, 95.2% were on antiretroviral therapy, 94.4% had HIV-RNA < 50 copies/mL, and the median (Q1-Q3) CD4 count was 595 (349-798) cells/μL. No statistically significant differences were found between PWH and non-PWH in number of comorbidities, presenting signs and symptoms, laboratory parameters, radiology findings and severity scores on admission. Corticosteroids were administered to 33.3% and 27.4% of PWH and non-PWH, respectively (P = 0.580). Deaths during admission were documented in two (9.5%) PWH and 12 (11.4%) non-PWH (P = 0.800). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that well-controlled HIV infection does not modify the clinical presentation or worsen clinical outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalization

How do women living with HIV experience menopause? Menopausal symptoms, anxiety and depression according to reproductive age in a multicenter cohort

CatedresBackground: To estimate the prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression and to assess the differences according to menopausal status among women living with HIV aged 45-60 years from the cohort of Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network (CoRIS). Methods: Women were interviewed by phone between September 2017 and December 2018 to determine whether they had experienced menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression. The Menopause Rating Scale was used to evaluate the prevalence and severity of symptoms related to menopause in three subscales: somatic, psychologic and urogenital; and the 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire was used for anxiety/depression. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of association between menopausal status, and other potential risk factors, the presence and severity of somatic, psychological and urogenital symptoms and of anxiety/depression. Results: Of 251 women included, 137 (54.6%) were post-, 70 (27.9%) peri- and 44 (17.5%) pre-menopausal, respectively. Median age of onset menopause was 48 years (IQR 45-50). The proportions of pre-, peri- and post-menopausal women who had experienced any menopausal symptoms were 45.5%, 60.0% and 66.4%, respectively. Both peri- and post-menopause were associated with a higher likelihood of having somatic symptoms (aOR 3.01; 95% CI 1.38-6.55 and 2.63; 1.44-4.81, respectively), while post-menopause increased the likelihood of having psychological (2.16; 1.13-4.14) and urogenital symptoms (2.54; 1.42-4.85). By other hand, post-menopausal women had a statistically significant five-fold increase in the likelihood of presenting severe urogenital symptoms than pre-menopausal women (4.90; 1.74-13.84). No significant differences by menopausal status were found for anxiety/depression. Joint/muscle problems, exhaustion and sleeping disorders were the most commonly reported symptoms among all women. Differences in the prevalences of vaginal dryness (p = 0.002), joint/muscle complaints (p = 0.032), and sweating/flush (p = 0.032) were found among the three groups. Conclusions: Women living with HIV experienced a wide variety of menopausal symptoms, some of them initiated before women had any menstrual irregularity. We found a higher likelihood of somatic symptoms in peri- and post-menopausal women, while a higher likelihood of psychological and urogenital symptoms was found in post-menopausal women. Most somatic symptoms were of low or moderate severity, probably due to the good clinical and immunological situation of these women