Diagnóstico da artrite reumatoide canina

Canine rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the joints of dogs. The inflammation can cause damage to cartilage and bones and early diagnosis is the main factor determining treatment success. This report describes an unusual case of rheumatoid arthritis in a dog, highlighting the relevance of radiographic examination in association with histopathology in the definitive diagnosis. An 8year old, male German Spitz dog, weighing 5kg was admitted with a history of cruciate ligament rupture and grade IV patella dislocation. Previously, surgery had been performed to correct the cranial cruciate ligament rupture, without success. On physical examination, the dog showed a palmigrade stance, severe pelvic limb lameness, and pain on palpation of all joints. Blood count and biochemical analysis were within normal ranges. Orthogonal radiographs of the joints of the pelvic and thoracic limbs were performed. The lesions were bilaterally symmetrical. Samples were taken from the patellofemoral joints for cytology, microbiology, and histopathologic analysis. Rheumatoid factor antibody assay was negative. In conclusion, the combination of more than one clinical sign and diagnostic tests, such as radiographs suggestive of rheumatoid arthritis, histopathologic analysis of the joints, and rheumatoid factor testing is required to reach a definitive diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.A artrite reumatóide canina é por definição uma doença crônica inflamatória que acomete as articulações de cães. Como resultado, a artrite reumatoide pode causar lesões na cartilagem e nos ossos e o diagnóstico precoce é o principal fator para o sucesso do tratamento ideal.Este relato de caso objetivou descrever um caso incomum de artrite reumatóide em um cão, destacando a relevância do exame radiográfico associado à histopatologia no diagnóstico definitivo. Foi atendido um cão da raça Spitz Alemão, 8 anos, com 5kg de peso. Anteriormente, foi realizada procedimento cirúrgico para correção da ruptura bilateral de ligamento cruzado e luxação de patela grau IV, porém sem sucesso. Ao exame físico, o cão apresentava posição palmígrada, intensa claudicação dos membros pélvicos e sensibilidade dolorosa de todas as articulações à palpação. As análises de hemograma e bioquímica sérica básica estavam dentro dos limites normais. Foram realizadas radiografias ortogonais das articulações dos membros pélvicos e torácicos. A distribuição das lesões foi simétrica e em ambos os lados. Considerando esses achados, foram obtidas amostras biológicas das articulações para análise citológica, microbiológica e análise histopatológica. O anticorpo fator reumatóide também foi realizado e o resultado foi negativo. Diante do exposto, é necessária a associação de mais de um sinal clínico e diferentes exames, como por exemplo, radiografias sugestivas de artrite reumatóide, análise histopatológica das articulações e anticorpo fator reumatóide para alcançar o diagnóstico definitivo de artrite reumatóide

Primary Kidney Lymphoma in a Dog

Background: Lymphoma is a malignant lymphoid tumor originating in the lymph nodes or other solid organs and comprises 90% of all hematopoietic tumors in dogs. However, primary renal lymphoma is rare and is associated with nonspecific clinical signs. Tumor invasion in both kidneys can cause severe clinical signs due to renal failure, complicating the patient's treatment and prognosis. The aim of this case was to report the case of a dog affected by bilateral primary renal lymphoma. In addition, to characterize the clinical and histopathological presentation due to the intense morphological changes. Case:  A 5-year-old male Poodle canine was admitted showing apathy and emesis for 5 days. On physical examination, the dog showed 10% of dehydration, reddish oral mucous membranes, poor body condition (score 1/5), uremic breath, and pain in the kidney area. Complementary tests revealed severe low white blood cells count, high BUN levels, high levels of potassium, calcium, and phosphorus (serum biochemistry). Abdominal ultrasound showed bilateral kidney enlargement. Fine needle aspiration of the mass (guided by ultrasound) revealed round cell tumor. Radiographs showed no alterations. The dog died due to his poor condition and necropsy was performed. On post-mortem examination, the kidneys were both enlarged, pale, and with an irregular subcapsular surface. The histopathological diagnostic was primary renal lymphoma. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that neoplastic cells were strongly positive for anti CD20 and PAX5, while negative for CD3, supporting the diagnosis of B-cell lymphoma. Discussion: The diagnosis was based on clinical, complementary tests, fine needle aspiration, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings. In dogs, primary kidney tumors are uncommon and usually malignant. The presence of vomiting, uremic breath, dehydration, weight loss, and erosive and ulcerative lesions on the tongue (uremic glossitis) are clinical signs of chronic renal failure, and this condition was later confirmed by laboratory tests and histopathological findings. Dogs diagnosed with extra-nodal renal lymphoma, present clinical signs such as polydipsia, polyuria, vomiting, and uremic breath in some cases. These changes are compatible with changes observed in cases of renal failure. In this case, the severe azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and hyperkalemia were due to the neoplastic infiltration in both kidneys. Additionally, the abdominal ultrasound revealed the tumor in both kidneys. Almost 38% of dogs with renal lymphoma presented in urine evaluation normal urine density and a large amount of protein in the urine, similar to those observed in this dog. When the lesions are on both kidneys, kidney failure develops and uremic extra-renal lesions appear, as observed in this case. The prevalence of primary kidney tumors in domestic animals corresponds to less than 1% of the total of the tumors reported, and they are usually in one kidney. In dogs, almost 60 - 70% of lymphomas are B cells, 30 - 40% are T cells, and less than 1% are null cells. B-cell lymphomas usually show less aggressive behavior when compared to T-cell lymphomas. Kidney lymphoma can be included as an important cause of kidney failure, and has slow and progressive development, making early diagnosis and treatment difficult. Keywords: dog disease, lymphoproliferative disorder, renal neoplasm, uremia. Título: Linfoma renal primário em cãoDescritores: doença de cão, distúrbio linfoproliferativo, neoplasma renal, uremia.

ABORDAGEM CLÍNICA E LABORATORIAL DE UM CÃO COM HIPOPLASIA ERITRÓIDE E HIPERPLASIA GRANULÓCITICA ASSOCIADO À LEISHMANIOSE VISCERAL

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a common disease that affects multiple systems and has a chronic evolution time. Among the laboratory characteristics that may occur, bone marrow changes may range from hypoplasia to both erythroid and granulocytic hyperplasia. Therefore, the present study aims to perform a clinical and laboratory analysis of the findings in a dog with erythroid hypoplasia and granulocytic hyperplasia associated with VL. A 7 - years-old male Irish Setter dog was attended at the Ivon Macêdo Tabosa Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Campina Grande (HVIMT / UFCG) presenting epistaxy, weight loss and hyporexia. Complete blood count, serum biochemistry analysis, urinalysis, amd a myelogram with hemoparasites were requested. The complete blood count showed normochromic normocytic anemia and a decrease in the number of platelets with platelet aggregates. Serum biochemistry revealed hypoalbuminemia and hyperproteinemia. Urinalysis showed no clinically relevant changes. Leishmaniasis amastigotes were observed in the myelogram along with erythroid hypoplasia and granulocytic hyperplasia. The animal was treated with the combination of milteforan, allopurinol and domperidone, however the tutor did not return for the patient's reassessment. In the light of the above, a clinical laboratory approach of a patient with VL is important for a better treatment and to improve the prognosis. Further studies should be performed to better understand the hematopathological responses to this disease.A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma enfermidade comum que acomete múltiplos sistemas e apresenta tempo de evolução crônico. Dentre as características laboratoriais que são observadas, os achados na medula óssea podem variar de hipoplasia a hiperplasia, tanto eritróide quanto granulocítica. Diante disso, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma análise clínica e laboratorial dos achados em um cão com hipoplasia eritroide e hiperplasia granulocitica associada à LV. Um cão da raça Setter Irlandês, macho, com 7 anos de idade foi atendido no Hospital Veterinária Ivon Macêdo Tabosa da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (HVIMT / UFCG) apresentando epistaxe, perda de peso e hiporexia. Foi solicitado hemograma completo, análise de bioquímica sérica, urinálisen e mielograma com pesquisa de hemoparasitas. No hemograma foi evidenciado anemia normocítica normocrômica e diminuição da quantidade de plaquetas com presença de agregados plaquetários. A bioquímica sérica revelou hipoalbuminemia e hiperproteinemia. Na urinalise não foi evidenciada alterações com relevância clínica. Foi observada amastigotas de Leishmaniasp no mielograma, e hipoplasia eritróide e hiperplasia granulócitica. O animal foi tratado com associação de milteforan, alopurinol e domperidona, contudo o tutor não retornou para reavaliação do paciente. Diante do exposto, uma abordagem clínica laboratorial de um paciente com LV é importante para um tratamento mais adequado e melhorar o prognóstico. Mais estudos devem ser realizados para a melhor compreensão das respostas hematopatológicas frente a essa enfermidade

METÁSTASE ÓSSEA E PULMONAR DE ADENOCARCINOMA ESCAMOSO MAMÁRIO EM CADELA

Mammary tumors are the most common in bitches, and bone and pulmonary metastases are not well described. Adenosquamous mammary carcinoma is a rare tumor that can be classified as a type of metaplastic tumor.  This report describes the clinical and histopathological findings of this atypical presentation of mammary carcinoma in an 11-year-old, spayed, Poodle. Surgery was performed to remove malignant mammary nodules with a provisional diagnosis of carcinoma on cytologic examination. Thirteen months later, the dog returned showing left pelvic limb lameness that had persisted for 6 months prior to the consultation. The patient showed right pelvic limb lameness and a mass in the same limb. Radiographs of the affected limb revealed a pathological fracture in the femoral diaphysis and proliferation of the periosteum. After clinical staging, a left pelvic limb amputation was performed. A diagnosis of grade II adenosquamous mammary carcinoma was made through histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Although uncommon, bone and pulmonary metastases from mammary tumors, such as adenosquamous carcinoma, can be considered differential diagnoses for bony tumors. This report highlights the aggressive nature and significant metastatic potential of the adenosquamous carcinoma.Os tumores mamários são os mais comuns em cadelas e as metástases ósseas e pulmonares não são bem descritas. O carcinoma mamário adenoescamoso é um tumor raro que pode ser classificado como um tipo de tumor metaplásico. Este relato descreve os achados clínicos e histopatológicos dessa apresentação atípica de carcinoma mamário em um Poodle de 11 anos de idade, castrado. A cirurgia foi realizada para remover nódulos mamários malignos com diagnóstico provisório de carcinoma no exame citológico. Treze meses depois, a cadela retornou apresentando claudicação do membro pélvico esquerdo que persistia por seis meses antes da consulta. O paciente apresentava claudicação do membro pélvico direito e uma massa no mesmo membro. A radiografia do membro afetado revelou fratura patológica na diáfise femoral, proliferação do periósteo e áreas de osteopenia. Após estadiamento clínico, foi realizada amputação do membro pélvico esquerdo. O diagnóstico de carcinoma adenoescamoso mamário grau II foi feito através da histopatologia e imunohistoquímica. Embora incomuns, as metástases ósseas e pulmonares de tumores mamários, como o carcinoma adenoescamoso, podem ser consideradas diagnósticos diferenciais para tumores ósseos. Este relatório destaca a natureza agressiva e significativo potencial metastático do carcinoma adenoescamoso

METÁSTASE DE ADENOCARCINOMA EM GLÂNDULA APÓCRINA EM UM CÃO

The apocrine gland adenocarcinoma is rarely reported in dogs, common in dogs and having no sex predisposition. They usually present a single lump reaching up 10 cm in diameter. In dogs, the thoracic and pelvic limbs are the common sites. Generally, the apocrine gland neoplasms have a benign behavior; metastasis can occur through lymphatic and blood dissemination when they are malignant. We report the case of a 16-year-old, uncastrated, male Poodle dog. The client reported a lesion in the right ear that had purulent and bloody discharge for 30 days, however, on physical examination, a small mass was observed in the right thoracic limb together with a reactive right subscapular lymph node. Samples were collected from both sites for cytological examination, which had an inconclusive result. Nodulectomy was performed on the right thoracic limb, subscapular lyphadenectomy and auricular nodulectomy. The histopathological analysis revealed an apocrine gland adenocarcinoma in the thoracic limb with metastasis to the cervical lymph node and sebaceous epithelioma in the auricular lesion. The client refused the chemotherapy protocol proposed and, the patient died 30 days after the surgical procedure.O adenocarcinoma de glândula apócrina raramente é relatado em cães, acometendo principalmente animais idosos e não tendo propensão entre machos ou fêmeas. Habitualmente, apresentam-se por nódulos únicos, podendo chegar até 10cm de diâmetro e, nos cães, os membros torácicos e pélvicos são os sítios de predileção. Geralmente, as neoplasias de glândulas apócrinas têm comportamento benigno, quando estas apresentam potencial maligno observam-se recidivas através de disseminação linfática e sanguínea. Relatou-se o caso de um cão macho, da raça Poodle, de 16 anos de idade, não castrado. A queixa principal referiu-se a uma lesão em orelha direita que apresentava secreção sanguinopurulenta há 30 dias, porém, ao exame físico, foi observado pequena massa no membro torácico direito, juntamente com linfonodo subescapular direito reativo. Foi colhido material de ambos os locais para exame citológico, o qual teve um resultado inconclusivo. Foi realizada nodulectomia em membro torácico direito, linfadenectomia subescapular e nodulectomia auricular. O material foi enviado para análise histopatológica. O diagnóstico foi de adenocarcinoma de glândula apócrina em membro torácico com metástase para linfonodo pré-escapular e de epitelioma sebáceo na lesão auricular. A tutora não aderiu ao protocolo quimioterápico proposto e o paciente veio a óbito após 30 dias do procedimento cirúrgico

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Participação de macrófagos M1, M2, MHC e da utrofina na distrofia muscular progressiva de cães

O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar lesões musculares e estudar marcação de dois subtipos de macrófagos, M1 (CD68) e M2 (CD163) além de MHC I, MHC II e utrofina, nos músculos mais acometidos pela doença (masseter, diafragma, tríceps braquial e bíceps femoral) em cães distróficos de diferentes idades. Foram utilizadas amostras musculares de 17 cães Golden Retriever (GR) machos e três controles não distróficos e livres de anormalidades neuromusculares, distribuídos em dois grupos: GI – animais distróficos até um ano de idade (n=9) e GII – animais distróficos acima de um ano de idade (n=8). Lesões histopatológicas características foram identificadas e classificadas nos quatro músculos distróficos: hialinização, infiltrado inflamatório mononuclear, necrose, regeneração, atrofia e hipertrofia, calcificação distrófica, fibrose e infiltração adiposa. As lesões variaram em extensão e distribuição de acordo com os músculos e o animal. Resultados mostraram que a imunodetecção do CD163 foi maior que a marcação de CD68 nos dois grupos. CD68 não mostrou variação independente da idade dos animais. A imunodetecção de MHC I foi mais evidente no bíceps femoral e tríceps braquial, seguida de marcações moderadas no masseter e diafragma do grupo com idade superior a um ano de idade. MHC II expressou-se de maneira discreta nos quatro músculos distróficos de ambos os grupos. A imunomarcação de utrofina foi maior no grupo afetado com idade superior a um ano de idade. Conclui-se que os macrófagos M2 estão entre as principais células inflamatórias mononucleares presentes nas lesões em cães distróficos e que com a idade ocorre aumento moderado de M2 no músculo de cães Golden Retriever distróficos indicando a associação deste tipo celular com a cronicidade da lesão muscular nestes animaisThe objective was to characterize the lesions and study the expression of two subtypes of macrophages, M1 (CD68) and M2 (CD163) beyond MHC I, MHC II and utrophin in the most affected muscles by the disease (masseter , diaphragm, triceps braquii and biceps femoris) in dystrophic dogs of different ages. Samples muscle of 17 male Golden Retriever dogs and three controls non dystrophic and free of neuromuscular diseases were classified into two groups: G I - dystrophic animals under one year (n = 9) and G II - dystrophic animals over one year (n = 8). Pathological features were identified and classified in four dystrophic muscles: hyalinization, inflammatory infiltration, necrosis, regeneration, hypertrophy and atrophy, dystrophic calcification, fibrosis and fat infiltration. These lesions varied in extent and distribution according to the muscles and the animal evaluated. The results showed that the CD163 immunostaining detected in GRMD dogs was greater than marking CD68 in both groups. CD68 did not vary regardless of the age of the animals. The immunohistochemical expression of MHC I was most evident in the biceps femoris and triceps braquii, followed by moderate staining in the masseter and diaphragm in the group aged over one year old. MHC II expressed discretely in the four dystrophic muscles of both groups. The immunohistochemical expression of utrophin was higher in the affected group aged less than one year old. We concluded that the macrophage M2 were the main mononuclear inflammatory cells present in the dystrophic lesions in dogs. With the age there is a moderate increase of M2 macrophage in dystrophic muscle Golden Retriever dogs indicating the association of this cell type with the chronicity of muscle damage in these animal