НОРМУВАННЯ НАДІЙНОСТІ РОБОТИ ГІДРОМЕЛІОРАТИВНИХ СИСТЕМ ПРИ ЇХ ПРОЕКТУВАННІ

The classification of hydrotechnical buildings of hydromeliorationsystems according to capital construction classes and classes ofconsequences (liability) is analyzed. It is established that moderndesign rules for hydro-amelioration systems as a whole do not offerquantitative indicators of the reliability of objects and all design methods are based on deterministic models. In accordance with theclass of consequences (liability) of the buildings , the categories ofresponsibility of the buildings and its elements and the group ofboundary states, the values of the coefficients of reliability are set,which are the coefficients of the stock and does not change during theoperation time of the buildings . Since the intensity of decreasing thereliability of the objects of hydro-amelioration systems depends onmany random factors, performing the assessment of the reliability ofhydro-ameliorative buildings requires switching from deterministicmodels to probabilistic ones. Therefore, the proposed values ofpermissible levels of reliability for hydro-amelioration structuresdepending on the class of capital and classes of consequences(liability), which allows the design of structures with the designatedlevel of failure, to evaluate the work of the building without a refusalduring the time of the calculated loads, to avoid unreasonable costsfor construction of buildings and possible damages caused by failuresof buildings.Проанализирована классификация гидротехнических сооруженийгидромелиоративных систем по классам капитальности и классамипоследствий (ответственности). Предложено значения допустимыхуровней надежности для гидромелиоративных сооружений в зависимости от класса капитальности и классов последствий (ответственности).Проаналізовано класифікацію гідротехнічних споруд гідромеліоративних систем за класами капітальності та класами наслідків (відповідальності). Запропоновано значення допустимих рівнів надійності для гідромеліоративних споруд залежно від класу капітальності та класів наслідків (відповідальності)

ІМОВІРНІСНЕ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ПРОПУСКНОЇ ЗДАТНОСТІ ТРАПЕЦЕЇДАЛЬНИХ КАНАЛІВ

The deterministic dependencies are analyzed for determining themain parameters of the channels, by which, their size and throughputare determined. The importance of the influence of the components of the Chezi equation on the magnitude of the trapezoidal channelthroughput is established. On the basis of the theoretical analysis ofregulatory tolerances on parameters in the construction ofhydromeliorative channels using probability theory and statisticalsimulation methods, analytical dependencies have been developed todetermine the confidence intervals of the throughput in channels anddepths. To determine the probable limits of changing the depths ofwater in the channels when passing the calculated costs Qr proposedto use graphs Qmin=f(hр); Qр=f(hр) та Qmax=f(hр). The obtainedmathematical model for estimating probabilistic limits of changes incosts and depths of water in channels of trapezoidal cross-sectionalshape allows to estimate the risk of flow of water from the channelbed and flooding part of the drainage system.Проанализированы детерминистические зависимости, которые дополнены вероятностными зависимостями для определения пропускной способности каналов гидромелиоративных систем. Предложена математическая модель для оценивания вероятностных границ изменения расходов в каналах трапецеидальной формы поперечного сечения.Проаналізовано детерміністичні залежності, які доповнені імовірнісними залежностями для визначення пропускної здатності каналівгідромеліоративних систем. Запропонована математична модельдля оцінювання імовірнісних меж зміни витрат у каналах трапецеїдальної форми поперечного перерізу

On the mutual effect of ion temperature gradient instabilities and impurity peaking in the reversed field pinch

The presence of impurities is considered in gyrokinetic calculations of ion temperature gradient (ITG) instabilities and turbulence in the reversed field pinch device RFX-mod. This device usually exhibits hollow Carbon/Oxygen profiles, peaked in the outer core region. We describe the role of the impurities in ITG mode destabilization, and analyze whether ITG turbulence is compatible with their experimental gradients.Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in Plasma Phys. Control. Fusio

Influence of the radio frequency ponderomotive force on anomalous impurity transport in tokamaks

Trace impurity transport in tokamaks is studied using an electrostatic, collisionless fluid model for ion-temperature-gradient and trapped-electron mode driven turbulence in the presence of radio frequency (rf) fields, and the results are compared with neoclassical predictions. It is shown that the inward impurity convective velocity (pinch) that is usually obtained can be reduced by the rf fields, in particular close to the wave resonance location where the rf ponderomotive force may be significant. However, the impurity diffusivity and convective velocity are usually similarly affected by the ponderomotive force, and hence the steady-state impurity density peaking factor -∇nz/nz is only moderately affected by the rf fields

Climate Change and the Emergence of New Organizational Landscapes

There is general agreement across the world that human-made climate change is a serious global problem, although there are still some sceptics who challenge this view. Research in organization studies on the topic is relatively new. Much of this research, however, is instrumental and managerialist in its focus on 'win-win' opportunities for business or its treatment of climate change as just another corporate social responsibility (CSR) exercise. In this paper, we suggest that climate change is not just an environmental problem requiring technical and managerial solutions; it is a political issue where a variety of organizations - state agencies, firms, industry associations, NGOs and multilateral organizations - engage in contestation as well as collaboration over the issue. We discuss the strategic, institutional and political economy dimensions of climate change and develop a socioeconomic regimes approach as a synthesis of these different theoretical perspectives. Given the urgency of the problem and the need for a rapid transition to a low-carbon economy, there is a pressing need for organization scholars to develop a better understanding of apathy and inertia in the face of the current crisis and to identify paths toward transformative change. The seven papers in this special issue address these areas of research and examine strategies, discourses, identities and practices in relation to climate change at multiple levels

Charged nanograins in the Enceladus plume

There have been three Cassini encounters with the south-pole eruptive plume of Enceladus for which the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) had viewing in the spacecraft ram direction. In each case, CAPS detected a cold dense population of heavy charged particles having mass-to-charge (m/q) ratios up to the maximum detectable by CAPS ( 104 amu/e). These particles are interpreted as singly charged nanometer-sized water-ice grains. Although they are detected with both negative and positive net charges, the former greatly outnumber the latter, at least in the m/q range accessible to CAPS. On the most distant available encounter (E3, March 2008) we derive a net (negative) charge density of up to 2600 e/cm3 for nanograins, far exceeding the ambient plasma number density, but less than the net (positive) charge density inferred from the RPWS Langmuir probe data during the same plume encounter. Comparison of the CAPS data from the three available encounters is consistent with the idea that the nanograins leave the surface vents largely uncharged, but become increasingly negatively charged by plasma electron impact as they move farther from the satellite. These nanograin

Ion composition in interchange injection events in Saturn\u27s magnetosphere

Interchange injection events are commonly observed by the Cassini spacecraft in the region between about 6 and 12 Rs (1 Rs = 60,268 km) and even frequently beyond. In this study, 13 examples of interchange injection events are identified in Cassini-Cassini Plasma Spectrometer data under special conditions such that time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectra could be obtained from entirely within the events. Using the TOF data to separate the main ion species H+, H2+, and W+, approximate densities of each species are calculated under the assumption that all distributions were isotropic. The light-ion density ratios, H2+/H+, in the injection events are not discernibly different from those ratios in control intervals from the ambient plasma. However, the water-group ration, W+/H+, is significantly lower than ambient. The comparison of the measured density ratios with the range of values observed throughout Saturn\u27s magnetosphere indicates that the values of W+/H+ that are as low as those observed within the injection events are found primarily beyond L~14 (where L is the equatorial crossing distance, in Saturn radius, of a dipole field line), indicating that the injection events are delivering plasma from the outer magnetosphere at times traveling at least 6 Rs

Hadroproduction of the Chi1 and Chi2 States of Charmonium in 800 GeV/c Proton-Silicon Interactions

The cross sections for the hadroproduction of the Chi1 and Chi2 states of charmonium in proton-silicon collisions at sqrt{s}=38.8 GeV have been measured in Fermilab fixed target Experiment 771. The Chi states were observed via their radiative decay to J/psi+gamma, where the photon converted to e+e- in the material of the spectrometer. The measured values for the Chi1 and Chi2 cross sections for x_F>0 are 263+-69(stat)+-32(syst) and 498+-143(stat)+-67(syst) nb per nucleon respectively. The resulting sigma(Chi1}/sigma(Chi2) ratio of 0.53+-0.20(stat)+-0.07(syst), although somewhat larger than most theoretical expectations, can be accomodated by the latest theoretical estimates.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Prefigurative politics between ethical practice and absent promise

'Prefigurative politics' has become a popular term for social movements' ethos of unity between means and ends, but its conceptual genealogy has escaped attention. This article disentangles two components: an ethical revolutionary practice, chiefly indebted to the anarchist tradition, which fights domination while directly constructing alternatives; and prefiguration as a recursive temporal framing, unknowingly drawn from Christianity, in which a future radiates backwards on its past. Tracing prefiguration from the Church Fathers to politicised re-surfacings in the Diggers and the New Left, I associate it with Koselleck's 'process of reassurance' in a pre-ordained historical path. Contrasted to recursive prefiguration are the generative temporal framings couching defences of means-ends unity in the anarchist tradition. These emphasised the path dependency of revolutionary social transformation and the ethical underpinnings of anti-authoritarian politics. Misplaced recursive terminology, I argue, today conveniently distracts from the generative framing of means-ends unity, as the promise of revolution is replaced by that of environmental and industrial collapse. Instead of prefiguration, I suggest conceiving of means-ends unity in terms of Bloch's 'concrete utopia', and associating it with 'anxious' and 'catastrophic' forms of hope