El postulado del homo-economicus y las aportaciones de la economía política constitucional de la escuela de Virginia

THE HOMO-ECONOMICUS MOTIVATIONAL POSTULATE AND THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY BY VIRGINIA SCHOOL If contributions made on Constitutional Polítical Economy have attracted poor attention in Spain, even poorer has been the attention paid to the methodological foundations upon which these contributions are built. The present paper deals with those methodological aspects of these theories, models, and proposals directly related to one of these foundations: the so-called homo-economicus motivational postulate. Revealing this foundation, lt will be showed the enormous influence the use of this motivational postulate has on the research outcomes, that is, on the proposal for constitutional reform. To achieve these goals, it will obviously be specially valuable to take account of the ideas elaborated on this topic by J. M. Buchanan, Nobel prize winner in Economics 1986 and worldwilde acknowledged leader of Virginia school.Si las aportaciones realizadas bajo el ámbito de la Economía Política Constitucional han recibido en España escasa atención, aún menor ha sido la atención prestada a los fundamentos metodológicos a partir de los cuales se elaboran dichas aportaciones. En el presente trabajo profundizaremos en el estudio de aquellos aspectos metodológicos de estas teorias, modelos y propuestas directamente relacionados con uno de esos fundamentos: el llamado postulado motivacional del homo-economicus. La explicitación de tal fundamentación hará evidente la enorme influencia que la adopción de este postulado motivacional tiene sobre los resultados de la investigación, esto es, sobre las propuestas de reforma constitucional. Para el logro de estos objetivos nos serán de especial ayuda, obviamente, las ideas y reflexiones elaboradas sobre el particular por J. M. Buchanan, premio Nobel de Economía 1986 y lider indiscutido de la Escuela de Virginia

Una teoría de las instituciones y procesos políticos metodológicamente individualista: el programa de investigación de la escuela de la Public Choice

The Methodological Individualism in a Theory of Political Institutions and Processes: The Public Choice Research Programm. In the present paper a positive analysis is developed of one of the methodological foundations of public choice Theory or research programm: the methodological individualism. J. M. Buchanan, nobel prize winner in economics 1986, is one of the founders fathers of this school and the most brilliant and powerfull mind in conceiving and building this research programm and the two exercises that make up bis protective belt: the Positive Theory of public choice (positive exercise) and the Constitutional Political Economy (normative exercise). The theory built through this research programm has come to be known as a NEW ECONOMIC thery of POLITICAL institutions and processes.En el presente trabajo se analiza uno de los fundamentos metodológicos sobre los que se elabora el denominado programa de investigación de la escuela de la Public Choice o escuela de Virginia: el individualismo metodológico. J. M. Buchanan, Premio Nobel de econmía 1986, es el líder indiscutible de esta escuela y el principal motor en la concepción y desarrollo de este programa y de los dos ejercicios teóricos que componen el cinturón protector del mismo: la Teoría Positiva de la elección pública (ejercicio positivo) y la Economía Política Constitucional (ejercicio normativo). El análisis desarrollado bajo este programa de investigación ha venido a ser conocido como un NUEVO análisis ECONÓMICO de las instituciones y procesos POLÍTICOS

Key Electoral Institutions and Rules Influencing Proportionality and Partisan Bias in Spanish Politics

The current paper focuses on the Spanish electoral rules governing political competition for the central "Congreso de los Diputados". It is well-documented that the system as a whole has traditionally favoured one or the other of the two main political parties (PP and PSOE) at the expense of proportionality and the remaining political parties. This paper focuses on some key Spanish electoral rules and investigates how much the observed biases could be altered by introducing some alternative rules taken from the Swedish electoral system, ceteris paribus. Measures of disproportionality are made through the Loosemore-Hanby index and the Gallagher index. The electoral raw data used for our estimations comes from the 2011, 2015 and 2016 last three Spanish general elections. The basic contribution of the paper is an empirical one as it provides a new example that institutions matter for result

Determinants of interest margins in Spanish credit institutions before and after the 2008 financial crash

As interest margins of credit institutions affect economic performance of countries, finding out which are the main determinants of their evolution is a research task of great interest at current times. This is the purpose of the present paper as regards to the Spanish case over the period 2004-2012. Based on the econometric contributions by Ho and Saunders (1981) and some of its extensions, the authors develop a model that includes as explanatory variables the factors usually examined in the literature and other singular variables that might be relevant. Particularly, the rate of leverage, the quality of their assets measured according to their risk, and the profit obtained from the selling of assets, including real estate ones. The research also provides an analysis of differences between banks and savings banks

Factores de riesgo asociados con intubación difícil en el medio extra- hospitalario

RESUMENIntroducción: muchos de  los pacientes que son encontrados fuera del hospital del ámbito hospitalario por el personal sanitario de emergencia con insuficiencia respiratoria grave, requieren una intubación endotraqueal rápida y eficaz que permita disminuir el riesgo de fallecimiento. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los factores predictivos de intubación endotraqueal difícil (IED) en el medio extrahospitalario.Pacientes y Métodos: se trata de un estudio observacional y retrospectivo. Se analizaron el registro de las asistencias realizadas por el servicio de emergencias médicas de un centro hospitalario de alto nivel entre el periodo 2008-2014 que requirieron intubación endotraquealResultados: fueron 402 pacientes a los que se les realizó intubación orotraqueal. La tasa global de éxito fue del 100%. Las variables independientes que se asociaron a una IED fueron: lengua grande en 10 casos (45.5%) p<0.001, apertura bucal limitada 12 casos (54.5%) p<0.001, cuello corto 15 casos (68.2%) p<0.001 y cuello ancho 12 casos (54.5%) p<0.001.Conclusiones: El presentar una apertura bucal limitada, una  lengua grande, un cuello corto o ancho y una movilidad cervical limitada se asocian a una intubación endotraqueal difícil en el medio extra-hospitalario.Palabras clave: intubación endotraqueal, extra-hospitalaria DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/rmt.2019.v14i03.0

Lineage-specific function of Engrailed-2 in the progression of chronic myelogenous leukemia to T-cell blast crisis

In hematopoietic malignancies, oncogenic alterations interfere with cellular differentiation and lead to tumoral development. Identification of the proteins regulating differentiation is essential to understand how they are altered in malignancies. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a biphasic disease initiated by an alteration taking place in hematopoietic stem cells. CML progresses to a blast crisis (BC) due to a secondary differentiation block in any of the hematopoietic lineages. However, the molecular mechanisms of CML evolution to T-cell BC remain unclear. Here, we have profiled the changes in DNA methylation patterns in human samples from BC-CML, in order to identify genes whose expression is epigenetically silenced during progression to T-cell lineage-specific BC. We have found that the CpG-island of the ENGRAILED-2 (EN2) gene becomes methylated in this progression. Afterwards, we demonstrate that En2 is expressed during T-cell development in mice and humans. Finally, we further show that genetic deletion of En2 in a CML transgenic mouse model induces a T-cell lineage BC that recapitulates human disease. These results identify En2 as a new regulator of T-cell differentiation whose disruption induces a malignant T-cell fate in CML progression, and validate the strategy used to identify new developmental regulators of hematopoiesis.Research at C.C.’s lab was partially supported by FEDER, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, CSIC P.I.E., Junta de Castilla y León, and from an institutional grant from the Fundación Ramón Areces. Research in ISG group is partially supported by FEDER and by MICINN (SAF2012-32810), by MEC OncoBIO Consolider-Ingenio 2010 (Ref. CSD2007-0017), by NIH grant (R01 CA109335-04A1), the ARIMMORA project (FP7-ENV-2011, European Union Seventh Framework Program), by Junta de Castilla y León (BIO/SA06/13) and by “Proyecto en red de investigación en células madre tumorales” supported by Obra Social Kutxa y Consejería de Sanidad de la Junta de Castilla y Leon. C.V.D.’s research is supported by Junta de Castilla y León (proyecto de investigación en biomedicina SAN/39/2010). J.A.M.C.’s research is supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), grants FIS-PI12/00202 and RTICC-RD12/0036/0063. All Spanish funding is co-sponsored by the European Union FEDER program. I.S.G. is an API lab of the EuroSyStem project and a partner of DECIDE European network. F.A.-J. and E.C.S. were supported by Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation fellowships. E.C.-S. was a “Residencia de Estudiantes” Fellow. A.T.N. was the recipient of a “Beca de Postgrado de la Fundación Ramón Areces/UAM.”Peer Reviewe

Challenge 6: Ethical, legal, economic, and social implications

In six decades of history, AI has become a mature and strategic discipline, successfully embedded in mainstream ICT and powering innumerable online applications and platforms. Several official documents stating specific AI policies have been produced by international organisations ( like the OCDE ), regional bodies ( EU ), several countries ( US, China, Spain, Germany, UK, Sweden, Brazil, Mexico...) as well as major AI-powered firms ( Google, Facebook, Amazon ). These examples demonstrate public interest and awareness of the economic and societal value of AI and the urgency of discussing the ethical, legal, economic and social implications of deploying AI systems on a massive scale. There is widespread agreement about the relevancy of addressing ethical aspects of AI, an urgency to demonstrate AI is used for the common good, and the need for better training, education and regulation to foster responsible research and innovation in AI. This chapter is organised around four main areas : ethics, law, economics and society ( ELES ). These areas shape the development of AI research and innovation, which in turn, influence these four areas of human activity. This interplay opens questions and demands new methods, objectives and ways to design future technologies. This chapter identifies the main impacts and salient challenges in each of these four areas.Peer reviewe

Dolor, sedación y delirium en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo el realizar una revisión acerca del tratamiento del dolor, la optimización de la sedación y la presencia del delirium en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Está basada tanto en la experiencia profesional de los autores como en la revisión de la literatura y las últimas guías de recomendaciones de práctica clínica. La finalidad última de esta revisión es dar a conocer la importancia que tiene la optimización del tratamiento del dolor y la sedación en el pronóstico y evolución del paciente crítico, así como sensibilizar en la importancia  de  la  identificación,  prevención  y  tratamiento  del  delirium  en  este  tipo  de pacientes. Palabras clave: Dolor, sedación, delirio, cuidados intensivo