A model of wage and employment effects of service offshoring

This article shows that a skill-abundant country with a relatively high productivity has larger incentives to offshore unskilled than skilled intensive tasks (services), even though no assumption on the correlation between the degree of tradability and skill-intensity of the tasks is made. Assuming putty-clay technology that locks labor into tasks in the short run, it is shown that service offshoring yields wage and employment effects in the long run. These effects switch from negative to positive as the degree of tradability declines, being the switch for a large degree of tradability in the case of the skilled intensive tasks. The results are consistent with an emerging empirical literature that studies the effects of service offshoring on wages and employment

Do Credit Supply Shocks Affect Employment in Middle-Income Countries?

This paper studies the extent to which increases in bank credit supply available for small and medium firms can foster formal employment in Mexico. We use a detailed dataset containing loan-level information for all loans extended by commercial banks to private firms in Mexico during the 2010-2016 period, when the economy was relatively stable. To obtain exogenous variation in credit supply, we exploit differences in the regional presence of Mexican banks across local labor markets by combining pre-existing market shares with national-level changes in banks’ credit supply, after accounting for local credit demand shocks. Then, we use employment registry data to compare changes in the number of formal workers registered by small and medium firms in local labor markets differently exposed to these shocks. We find that credit supply shocks have a large impact on formal employment: a positive credit shock of one standard deviation increases yearly employment growth by 0.45 percentage points (13 percent of the mean). Our results differ from the null to small effects identified by previous literature for developed countries, suggesting that credit supply shocks play a more prominent role for employment creation (and destruction) in low and middle-income countries.Centro de Estudios Distributivos, Laborales y Sociale

The pulse oximetry and its use in maximal exercise test

La pulsioximetria s’utilitza per determinar el percentatge de saturació d’oxigen que hi ha a la sang. La seva característica més important és que es tracta d’un mètode no invasiu i relativament econòmic. Hi ha pocs estudis que relacionin la pulsioximetria amb l’activitat física i la majoria són clínics. Els autors revisen la definició de l’oximetria de pols i els fonaments sobre els quals es basa. Es revisa l’aplicació de la pulsioximetria en les proves d’esforç màxim, així com el comportament de la saturació d’oxigen a la sang durant la realització de proves d’esforç màxim. A més, es revisen els diferents estudis sobre els valors de saturació d’oxigen a la sang durant la realització d’exercici físic i la seva correlació amb altres variables ventilatòries. S’analitzen les conseqüències de l’ús de la pulsioximetria en proves d’esforç màxim.Pulse oximetry is used to determine the percentage saturation of oxygen in blood. Its main feature is that it is a noninvasive and relatively inexpensive. There are few studies relating physical activity and pulse oximetry with most abundant studies are clinical trials. The authors review the definition of pulse oximetry, the grounds upon which it is based. We review the application of pulse oximetry to maximum exercise testing, and the behavior of oxygen saturation in the blood for testing of maximum effort. In addition, different studies on the oxygen saturation values in blood during physical exercise and its correlation with other ventilatory variables. We analyze the consequences of the use of pulse oximetry in tests of maximal effort

Anthropometry and strength, its influence on the sit and reach test

Analyzes the influence of kinanthropometric and dynamometric variables on the Sit and Reach test in amateur athletes. We used twenty anthropometric variables, four dynamometry tests, the Sit and Reach test and the amount of physical activity practiced. Significant differences were found between men and women in terms of flexibility levels. The prediction equations were differed according to gender (30.6% men and 32.5% women), height being an influential factor in women. The general prediction equation calculated, the level is 39.1% (moderate). Men and women show significant differences in all anthropometric variables except subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds. What other factors influence the kind of results that can be expected? The results of the flexibility test are not influenced by the anthropometric and dynamometric variables, or by the type of physical activity performed. The strength index does not correlate with the Sit and Reach test value.Se analiza la influencia que tienen las variables cineantropométricas y dinamométricas sobre el test Sit and Reach en deportistas amateur. Se tomaron veinte variables antropométricas, cuatro pruebas de dinamometría, el test Sit and Reach y la actividad física realizada. Encontramos diferencias significativas en los valores de flexibilidad entre hombres y mujeres. Las ecuaciones de predicción fueron diferentes en hombres y en mujeres (30.6% y 32.5%), en las mujeres apareció la talla como factor influyente. La ecuación general de predicción calculada se obtiene un 39,1% (moderada). Hombres y mujeres se diferencian significativamente en todas las variables antropométricas excepto en pliegue subescapular y suprailiaco. ¿Qué otros factores influirían sobre una posible predicción del resultado? Los valores de flexibilidad no se consideran influenciados por las variables antropométricas, dinamométricas y la tipología de actividad física realizada. El índice de fuerza no correlaciona con el valor del test Sit and Reac

Assessment of airflow and oximetry signals to detect pediatric sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome using AdaBoost

Producción CientíficaThe reference standard to diagnose pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) syndrome is an overnight polysomnographic evaluation. When polysomnography is either unavailable or has limited availability, OSA screening may comprise the automatic analysis of a minimum number of signals. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the complementarity of airflow (AF) and oximetry (SpO2) signals to automatically detect pediatric OSA. Additionally, a secondary goal was to assess the utility of a multiclass AdaBoost classifier to predict OSA severity in children. We extracted the same features from AF and SpO2 signals from 974 pediatric subjects. We also obtained the 3% Oxygen Desaturation Index (ODI) as a common clinically used variable. Then, feature selection was conducted using the Fast Correlation-Based Filter method and AdaBoost classifiers were evaluated. Models combining ODI 3% and AF features outperformed the diagnostic performance of each signal alone, reaching 0.39 Cohens’s kappa in the four-class classification task. OSA vs. No OSA accuracies reached 81.28%, 82.05% and 90.26% in the apnea–hypopnea index cutoffs 1, 5 and 10 events/h, respectively. The most relevant information from SpO2 was redundant with ODI 3%, and AF was complementary to them. Thus, the joint analysis of AF and SpO2 enhanced the diagnostic performance of each signal alone using AdaBoost, thereby enabling a potential screening alternative for OSA in children.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación - FEDER (DPI2017-84280-R y RTC-2017-6516-1)Comisión Europea - FEDER (Programa de Cooperación Interreg V-A España-Portugal POCTEP 2014–2020)Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación - Ministerio de Universidades (PRE2018-085219)US National Institutes of Health (grants HL130984 and HL140548

A geodynamic model linking Cretaceous orogeny, arc migration, foreland dynamic subsidence and marine ingression in southern South America

This study synthesizes the tectonomagmatic evolution of the Andes between 35°30′S to 48°S with the aim to spotlight early contractional phases on Andean orogenic building and to analyze their potential driving processes. We examine early tectonic stages of the different fold-thrust belts that compose this Andean segment. Additionally, we analyzed the spatio-temporal magmatic arc evolution as a proxy of dynamic changes in Andean subduction during critical tectonic stages of orogenic construction. This revision proposes a hypothesis related the existence of a continuous large-scale flat subduction setting in Cretaceous times with a similar size to the present-largest flat-slab setting on earth. This potential process would have initiated diachronically in the late Early Cretaceous and achieved full development in Late Cretaceous to earliest Paleocene times, constructing a series of fold-thrust belts on the retro-arc zone from 35°30′S to 48°S. Moreover, we assess major paleogeographic changes that took place during flat-slab full development in Maastrichtian-Danian times. At this moment, an enigmatic Atlantic-derived marine flooding covered the Patagonian foreland reaching as far as the Andean foothills. Based on flexural and dynamic topography analyses, we suggest that focused dynamic subsidence at the edge of the flat-slab may explain sudden marine ingression previously linked to continental tilting and orogenic loading during a high sea level global stage. Finally, flat-subduction destabilization could have triggered massive outpouring of synextensional intraplate volcanic rocks in southern South America and the arc retraction in late Paleogene to early Neogene times.Fil: Gianni, Guido Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Geofísico Sismológico Volponi; ArgentinaFil: Davila, Federico Miguel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; ArgentinaFil: Echaurren Gonzalez, Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; ArgentinaFil: Fennell, Lucas Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; ArgentinaFil: Tobal, Jonathan Elías. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; ArgentinaFil: Navarrete Granzotto, César Rodrigo. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Quezada, Paulo. Universidad Andrés Bello; ChileFil: Folguera Telichevsky, Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; ArgentinaFil: Gimenez, Mario Ernesto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Geofísico Sismológico Volponi; Argentin

Pediatric sleep apnea: Characterization of apneic events and sleep stages using heart rate variability

Producción CientíficaHeart rate variability (HRV) is modulated by sleep stages and apneic events. Previous studies in children compared classical HRV parameters during sleep stages between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and controls. However, HRV-based characterization incorporating both sleep stages and apneic events has not been conducted. Furthermore, recently proposed novel HRV OSA-specific parameters have not been evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize and compare classic and pediatric OSA-specific HRV parameters while including both sleep stages and apneic events. A total of 1610 electrocardiograms from the Childhood Adenotonsillectomy Trial (CHAT) database were split into 10-minute segments to extract HRV parameters. Segments were characterized and grouped by sleep stage (wake, W; non-rapid eye movement, NREMS; and REMS) and presence of apneic events (under 1 apneic event per segment, e/s; 1–5 e/s; 5–10 e/s; and over 10 e/s). NREMS showed significant changes in HRV parameters as apneic event frequency increased, which were less marked in REMS. In both NREMS and REMS, power in BW2, a pediatric OSA-specific frequency domain, allowed for the optimal differentiation among segments. Moreover, in the absence of apneic events, another defined band, BWRes, resulted in best differentiation between sleep stages. The clinical usefulness of segment-based HRV characterization was then confirmed by two ensemble-learning models aimed at estimating apnea-hypopnea index and classifying sleep stages, respectively. We surmise that basal sympathetic activity during REMS may mask apneic events-induced sympathetic excitation, thus highlighting the importance of incorporating sleep stages as well as apneic events when evaluating HRV in pediatric OSA.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades y el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) under projects (PID2019-104881RB-I00), (PID2020-115468RB-I00), (PDC2021-120775-I00) and (PID2021-126734OB-C21)Sociedad Española de Sueño (SES) en el marco del proyecto “Beca de Investigación SES 2019”, by 'CIBER-Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red- (CB19/01/00012)' a través del 'Instituto de Salud Carlos III' co- financiado con fondos FEDER, así como bajo el proyecto SleepyHeart de la convocatoria de valorización 2020, y por el Gobierno de Aragón (Grupo de Referencia BSICoS T39-20R).The National Sleep Research Resource was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R24 HL114473, 75N92019R002).Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, “Ayudas para contratos predoctorales para la Formación de Doctores” grant (PRE2018-085219) and “Ramón y Cajal” (MICIU/FSE) grant (RYC2019-028566-I)Institutos Nacionales de Salud-"Ensayo de adenoamigdalectomía infantil (CHAT)"- (HL083075, HL083129, UL1-RR-024134, UL1 RR024989) and (grant AG061824)

ECG-ENET: Red neuronal convolucional explicable para la ayuda en el diagnóstico de la apnea del sueño infantil

La apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) consiste en un trastorno respiratorio, que en niños se ha vinculado con el sistema cardíaco y un aumento del riesgo cardiovascular. El diagnóstico estándar es la polisomnografía (PSG), pero su coste, complejidad e incomodidad, especialmente en niños, limitan su disponibilidad y contribuyen a un infra diagnóstico de la enfermedad. Para abordar esta situación, se propone por primera vez una alternativa simplificada utilizando el electrocardiograma (ECG) nocturno y una red neuronal convolucional (CNN) que estima la severidad de la AOS pediátrica. Además, se plantea el método Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (GradCAM) para interpretar los resultados de la CNN. Para ello, se han analizado 1610 registros de ECG de niños. El rendimiento de nuestro enfoque superó los mejores resultados de estudios previos (Cohen’s kappa de 4 clases 0,359 vs. 0,166 y precisión de 4 clases 56,52% vs. 41,89%). Además, GradCAM identificó patrones bradicardia-taquicardia en las zonas de transición desde un evento de apnea a zonas post-apnea, destacando las regiones entre ondas T y P. Nuestros resultados muestran que la implementación de una CNN explicable mediante el ECG puede ser útil en el diagnóstico de la AOS pediátrica y ayudaría a los facultativos a mejorar la confianza en sistemas automatizados e identificar patrones cardíacos asociados con la enfermedad. Todo ello convierte nuestra propuesta en una alternativa prometedora a la PSG, con el potencial de facilitar un diagnóstico objetivo, rápido, de menor coste y preciso de la AOS.Este estudio ha sido financiado por el MCIN/AEI10. 13039/501100011033, ERDF, y ‘NextGenerationEU/PRTR’ ( PID2020-115468RB-I00 y PDC2021-120775-I00), por el CIBER-BBN (CB19/01/00012) y el proyecto TinyHeart (Early Stage 2022). El NSRR fue financiado por el NHLBI (R24 20 HL114473, 75N92019R002). C. García-Vicente cuenta con un contrato "Ayudas para contratos predoctorales para la Formación de Doctores" del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (PRE2021-100792)

Adaptación transcultural de un cuestionario para estudiar actitudes de adolescentes deportistas y no deportistas españoles ante el consumo de sustancias prohibidas [Transcultural adaptation of a questionnaire to assess the attitudes of Spanish adolescent athletes and non-athletes towards banned substances]

[Extract Spanish] Medir la influencia del impacto que generan los deportistas de élite sobre el comportamiento y las actitudes de los adolescentes que se inician en el deporte es un tema complicado y controvertido (Engelberg, Moston & Skinner, 2012). Para muchos, los atletas de élite son modelos a seguir y son posiblemente donde más se reflejan diferentes miembros de la comunidad, entre ellos los adolescentes. Sin embargo muchos atletas de élite rechazan el ser un "modelo a seguir", con el argumento de que otros (como los padres, los entrenadores y los compañeros) juegan un papel mucho más importante a la hora de influir en el comportamiento (Engelberg, Moston & Skinner, 2012). Cualquier intento de resolver este debate siempre se centra en el mecanismo por el cual un atleta de élite puede influir en los demás. Según la teoría del aprendizaje social, donde el comportamiento de modelos de conducta es imitado por otros, se suele utilizar para explicar sobre la probabilidad de una conducta desviada (Bandura, 1977). Sobre la base de la teoría del aprendizaje social, se puede argumentar que los atletas de élite cuyo consumo de drogas se hace pública están facilitando el comportamiento inadecuado por parte de los adolescentes (Strelan & Boeckmann, 2006). La investigación en ciencias sociales sobre el dopaje se ha convertido en un tema de investigación académica en Australia y en numerosos países del extranjero, sin embargo existen asombrosamente pocas comparaciones interculturales o transnacionales de poblaciones deportivas y no deportivas, entre los mismos. Teniendo en cuenta los diversos contextos culturales, políticos, sociales y deportes específicos que tienen un impacto en las actitudes y comportamientos de los deportistas, se trata de una omisión sorprendente. Este estudio es una adaptación transcultural, réplica parcial y una extensión de un estudio actualmente en curso en Australia (el desarrollo de actitudes de seguimiento al dopaje: un estudio longitudinal de jóvenes deportistas de élite) y un estudio (la relación entre el código moral, la participación en el deporte y las actitudes hacia las drogas en los jóvenes que mejoran el rendimiento). El estudio cuenta con una muestra de 339 jóvenes españoles (1217 años) atletas tanto en el ámbito recreativo y élite como no atletas. Los resultados de esta investigación ayudarán a futuras investigaciones financiadas tanto a nivel nacional como internacional. Abract (English): Despite the global growth of science research on doping in sport, there have been very few cross-national or cross-cultural comparisons of athletes and non-athletes. The present study is an adaptation and partial replication of a study of young development athletes previously conducted in Australia. The present study canvassed the attitudes and behaviours of 339 Spanish adolescents (ages 12-17, both athletes and non-athletes, all residing in Madrid, Spain). Its main aim was to explore the incidence of drug use amongst the sample (both of performance and image enhancing drugs [PIEDs] and of illicit drugs) and their knowledge of doping in sport. Surveys were distributed within schools. Each survey consisted of five sections covering demographic information, attitudes towards doping substances, attitudes towards deterrents to banned PIED use; questions examining perceptions of the consequences of the use of doping substances, and knowledge of doping substances. Selected findings include: Over half of the participants believed that banned PIEDs improve performance, (e.g., strength and power, speed); about 42% believed they are dangerous to health; the large majority of participants had never taken an anti-doping test (92%); 87% stated they would not use PIEDs to improve their sporting performance; and almost half of all participants believed that cycling was the sport in which PIEDs were most commonly used. Results are discussed in relation to current anti-doping campaigns that target adolescents and emphasise the need to focus on suitable deterrents for this population

The magnetically-active, low-mass, triple system WDS 19312+3607

Aims: We investigated in detail the system WDS 19312+3607, whose primary is an active M4.5Ve star previously thought to be young (tau ~ 300-500 Ma) based on high X-ray luminosity. Methods: We collected intermediate- and low-resolution optical spectra taken with 2 m-class telescopes, photometric data from the $B$ to 8 mum bands, and eleven astrometric epochs with a time baseline of over 56 years for the two components in the system, G 125-15 and G 125-14. Results: We derived M4.5V spectral types for both stars, confirmed their common proper motion, estimated the heliocentric distance and projected physical separation, determined the galactocentric space velocities, and deduced a most-probable age older than 600 Ma. We discovered that the primary, G 125-15, is in turn an inflated, double-lined, spectroscopic binary with a short period of photometric variability of P ~ 1.6 d, which we associated to orbital synchronisation. The observed X-ray and Halpha emissions, photometric variability, and abnormal radius and effective temperature of G 125-15 AB indicate strong magnetic activity, possibly due to fast rotation. Besides, the estimated projected physical separation between G 125-15 AB and G 125-14 of about 1200 AU makes WDS 19312+3607 to be one of the widest systems with intermediate M-type primaries. Conclusions: G 125-15 AB is a nearby (d ~ 26 pc), bright (J ~ 9.6 mag), active spectroscopic binary with a single proper-motion companion of the same spectral type at a wide separation. They are thus ideal targets for specific follow-ups to investigate wide and close multiplicity or stellar expansion and surface cooling due to reduced convective efficiency.Comment: A&A, in pres