Old World megadroughts and pluvials during the Common Era

Climate model projections suggest widespread drying in the Mediterranean Basin and wetting in Fennoscandia in the coming decades largely as a consequence of greenhouse gas forcing of climate. To place these and other “Old World” climate projections into historical perspective based on more complete estimates of natural hydroclimatic variability, we have developed the “Old World Drought Atlas” (OWDA), a set of year-to-year maps of tree-ring reconstructed summer wetness and dryness over Europe and the Mediterranean Basin during the Common Era. The OWDA matches historical accounts of severe drought and wetness with a spatial completeness not previously available. In addition, megadroughts reconstructed over north-central Europe in the 11th and mid-15th centuries reinforce other evidence from North America and Asia that droughts were more severe, extensive, and prolonged over Northern Hemisphere land areas before the 20th century, with an inadequate understanding of their causes. The OWDA provides new data to determine the causes of Old World drought and wetness and attribute past climate variability to forced and/or internal variability

Kriittisesti sairaan potilaan verenkiertoa tukevan lääkityksen perusteet : opetusvideot syventävän vaiheen sairaanhoitaja- ja terveydenhoitajaopiskelijoille

Tiivistelmä Työskentely teho-osastolla kriittisesti sairaiden potilaiden parissa vaatii sairaanhoitajalta laajaa tiedollista ja taidollista osaamista niin lääke- ja nestehoidon, perushoidon kuin myös hoitotyön teknologian saralla. Tehohoitoon joutumisen syynä voi olla esimerkiksi henkeä uhkaava tila, joka aiheuttaa potilaalle yhden tai useamman elinjärjestelmän toimintahäiriön tai sen merkittävän uhan ilman tehostettua hoitoa. Tämän vuoksi suurella osalla kriittisesti sairaista potilaista on jossain hoidon vaiheessa verenkiertovaje, jonka hoidossa käytetään erilaisia verenkiertoa tukevia lääkkeitä. Kriittisesti sairaiden potilaiden lääkehoito on monimutkainen kokonaisuus, jonka onnistuminen edellyttää kaikkien siihen osallistuvien osapuolten saumatonta yhteistyötä. Lääkehoidon vaativuustasoon vaikuttavat muun muassa paljon käytössä olevat suoraan suoneen annettavat lääkkeet, joiden vaikutus on välitön, sekä välitöntä hengen vaaraa aiheuttavat tilanteet. Sairaanhoitaja on vastuussa lääkkeen oikeasta annosta eli viimekädessä lääkehoidon toteuttamisesta. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli lisätä syventävän vaiheen sairaanhoitaja- ja terveydenhoitajaopiskelijoiden tietoa verenkiertoa tukevasta lääkehoidosta kriittisesti sairailla potilailla. Opinnäytetyön tehtävänä oli tuottaa toimeksiantajalle neljä videota kriittisesti sairaan potilaan verenkiertoa tukevan lääkehoidon perusteista. Videoilla avataan käytetyimmät lääkeaineryhmät ja niiden vaikutusmekanismit sekä jokaisesta ryhmästä tietyt lääkeaineet syvemmin

Vauvan (0-1-vuotiaan) ensiapuohjeita tuoreille vanhemmille: ohjelehti äitiys- ja lastenneuvolaan

Lapsille sattuu paljon tapaturmia, vaikka viimeisten vuosien aikana tapaturmat ovatkin vähentyneet huomattavasti. Sairaalahoitoa vaativia tapaturmia tapahtuu edelleen noin 8000 vuosittain. Tämän vuoksi tapaturmien ennaltaehkäisy on kannattavaa myös taloudellisesti. Vanhempien varhainen ohjaus ja neuvonta vähentävät tapaturmien syntymistä. Tämän kehittämistyön tavoitteena oli lisätä lapsiperheiden ensiapuvalmiuksia. Tehtävänä oli tuottaa aiheeseen liittyvä ohjelehti jaettavaksi tuoreille vanhemmille äitiys- ja lastenneuvolassa. Terveydenhoitaja on neuvolassa tärkeässä roolissa ensiaputilanteiden ennaltaehkäisyssä. Kehittämistyön toimeksiantaja oli Pohjois-Karjalan hyvinvointialue, Siun soten neuvolapalvelut. Toimeksiantaja, sekä vanhemmat antoivat palautetta ohjelehdestä sähköisellä kyselyllä. Saadun palautteen mukaan ohjelehdestä saatu tieto koettiin hyödylliseksi ja terveydenhoitajat kokivat voivansa käyttää ohjelehteä työssään. Kehittämistyötä voidaan jatkokehittää järjestämällä opetustuokio vauvojen vanhemmille tapaturmien ennaltaehkäisystä ja hoidosta. Opetustuokion lisäksi voi tutkia, kuinka hyvin vanhemmilla on tietoa vauvojen yleisimmistä tapaturmista ja taitoa toimia tapaturmatilanteissa

Species-specific synergistic effects of two plant growth-Promoting microbes on green roof plant biomass and photosynthetic efficiency

Rhizophagus irregularis, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, a bacterium, are microorganisms that promote plant growth. They associate with plant roots and facilitate nutrient absorption by their hosts, increase resistance against pathogens and pests, and regulate plant growth through phytohormones. In this study, eight local plant species in Finland (Antennaria dioica, Campanula rotundifolia, Fragaria vesca, Geranium sanguineum, Lotus corniculatus, Thymus serpyllum, Trifolium repens, and Viola tricolor) were inoculated with R. irregularis and/or B. amyloliquefaciens in autoclaved substrates to evaluate the plant growth-promoting effects of different plant/microbe combinations under controlled conditions. The eight plant species were inoculated with R. irregularis, B. amyloliquefaciens, or both microbes or were not inoculated as a control. The impact of the microbes on the plants was evaluated by measuring dry shoot weight, colonization rate by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, bacterial population density, and chlorophyll fluorescence using a plant phenotyping facility. Under dual inoculation conditions, B. amyloliquefaciens acted as a "mycorrhiza helper bacterium" to facilitate arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus colonization in all tested plants. In contrast, R. irregularis did not demonstrate reciprocal facilitation of the population density of B. amyloliquefaciens. Dual inoculation with B. amyloliquefaciens and R. irregularis resulted in the greatest increase in shoot weight and photosynthetic efficiency in T. repens and F. vesca.Peer reviewe

Long-term characterization of organic and elemental carbon at three different background areas in northern Europe

Elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) are major components of atmospheric PM2.5. In this article we represent the results of long-term measurements (8–12 years) of EC and OC at three different background sites in Finland: in a rural area (Virolahti) since the summer 2010, in a marine environment (Uto) ¨ since the summer 2011, and in a clean arctic environment (Pallas/Matorova) since 2014. The concentrations of OC and EC were measured with a semi-continuous organic and elemental carbon analyser (SC-OCEC) in all the sites. The yearly average concentrations of OC varied between 0.96–3.1, 0.76–1.6 and 0.30–0.69 μg m− 3 at the rural (Virolahti), marine (Uto) ¨ and arctic (Pallas/Matorova) sites, respectively. Similarly, the corresponding yearly average concentrations of EC ranged between 0.095–0.48, 0.090–0.2 and 0.010–0.086 μg m− 3 at those sites. A clear seasonal variation in OC and EC concentrations was observed at each measurement site. OC concentrations were highest during summertime whereas EC concentrations were highest in wintertime. The seasonality of OC was clearest at the Arctic site that had also the largest temperature variation and shortest growing season resulting in a sharp increase in OC concentrations from June to August. At all the measurement sites, OC concentrations gradually increased when the temperature rose over sub-zero temperatures whereas the daily average EC concentrations did not show as apparent temperature dependence as OC. Based on the cluster analysis, highest OC and EC concentrations, and the highest total load for EC (23–32%), at all the sites were detected with the air mass origin of southeast. In the marine environment, the effect of black carbon from ship plumes was investigated. The limit for ship fuel sulfur content changed during the measurement period (in January 2015), but it was not observed to influence the Optical EC concentrations. Overall, long-term, continuous measurements are crucial when the time trends in air quality and the effect of emission mitigation actions are investigated. In this study, a slight decrease in OC was observed at the Marine site, however, a decrease for EC was seen both at the rural and marine sites suggesting that the emission mitigation actions like EURO limits for light vehicles or improved after-treatment systems developed for industry and energy production have already decreased the background concentrations in rural areas

Old World megadroughts and pluvials during the Common Era

Climate model projections suggest widespread drying in the Mediterranean Basin and wetting in Fennoscandia in the coming decades largely as a consequence of greenhouse gas forcing of climate. To place these and other “Old World” climate projections into historical perspective based on more complete estimates of natural hydroclimatic variability, we have developed the “Old World Drought Atlas” (OWDA), a set of year-to-year maps of tree-ring reconstructed summer wetness and dryness over Europe and the Mediterranean Basin during the Common Era. The OWDA matches historical accounts of severe drought and wetness with a spatial completeness not previously available. In addition, megadroughts reconstructed over north-central Europe in the 11th and mid-15th centuries reinforce other evidence from North America and Asia that droughts were more severe, extensive, and prolonged over Northern Hemisphere land areas before the 20th century, with an inadequate understanding of their causes. The OWDA provides new data to determine the causes of Old World drought and wetness and attribute past climate variability to forced and/or internal variability