DETERMINING THE FIRE RATING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES, Case study of using a probabilistic approach and travelling fires

As part of a refurbishment the height of a building in London is to be increased resulting in a change of the fire rating of the existing level from R60 to R90 as per prescriptive guidance. To investigate whether the inherent fire resistance of the structure would be sufficient a state-of-the-art probabilistic approach was adopted, with the approach extended to consider 2D heat-transfer to concrete elements. After determining the required reliability of the structure based on an acceptable risk level, a Monte-Carlo assessment was conducted. This considered for the proposed internal layouts and determined the range of input parameters to be randomly varied in order to define the required range of design fires analysed. The assessment demonstrated that the inherent structural fire resistance would provide sufficient structural reliability for the new use of the building and that no additional fire protection was required to the concrete frame

Pengaruh Perbedaan Konsentrasi Ekstrak Bit Merah dan Gelatin terhadap Sifat Fisikokimia dan Organoleptik Marshmallow Beet

Marshmallow was known as snack food made from sugar, glucose syrup, gelatin and coloring with addition of high air contain that produce soft texture and melting sensation when it chewe. Thus, use of betalain pigment from red beet extract as natural colorant is attempted for marshmallow. The use of beet extract give pectin component and affect gelatin which act as foaming agent to form marshmallow texture. The differences of red beet extract and gelatin concentration will give some effect to the physicochemical properties and organoleptic of marshmallow beet. Red beet extract obtained from red beet bandung and commercial gelatin is used. The research design will be used is two factor Randomized Block Design, red beet extract concentration (5%, 10%, 15%) and gelatin concentration (3%, 4%, 5%) with three replications. The test results are analyzed by varians test (ANOVA) at α = 5% and Duncan's Multiple Range Test at α = 5% if there is real influence. The result of the analysis: water content (21,41-24,35%), water activity (0,807-0,817), pH (7,09-7,32), density (0,4484-0,5401 gram/mL), texture (hardness (773,98-1599,25 g) and chewiness (774,04-1508,77 g)) color (lightness (46,2-60,4), redness (28,2-35,7) and yellowness (5,1-6,6)) and organoleptic (color (4,79-6,13), taste (4,92-6,06) and texture (4,36-6,30)).The best treatment of beet marshmallow is G3B1 treatment (5% gelatin concentration and 5% beet extract concentration), which has 21,41% water content, 0,811 water activity, 0,4790 g/mL density, 1599,25 g hardness, 1508,77 g chewiness, 6,04 lightness, 28,2 redness, 6,6 yellowness and the organoleptic 5,87; 5,84 6,30 for color, taste and texture

PENGARUH PERBEDAAN KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK BIT MERAH DAN GELATIN TERHADAP SIFAT FISIKOKIMIA DAN ORGANOLEPTIK MARSHMALLOW BEET

Marshmallow was known as snack food made from sugar, glucose syrup, gelatin and coloring with addition of high air contain that produce soft texture and melting sensation when it chewe. Thus, use of betalain pigment from red beet extract as natural colorant is attempted for marshmallow. The use of beet extract give pectin component and affect gelatin which act as foaming agent to form marshmallow texture. The differences of red beet extract and gelatin concentration will give some effect to the physicochemical properties and organoleptic of marshmallow beet. Red beet extract obtained from red beet bandung and commercial gelatin is used. The research design will be used is two factor Randomized Block Design, red beet extract concentration (5%, 10%, 15%) and gelatin concentration (3%, 4%, 5%) with three replications. The test results are analyzed by varians test (ANOVA) at α = 5% and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at α = 5% if there is real influence. The result of the analysis: water content (21,41-24,35%), water activity (0,807-0,817), pH (7,09-7,32), density (0,4484-0,5401 gram/mL), texture (hardness (773,98-1599,25 g) and chewiness (774,04-1508,77 g)) color (lightness (46,2-60,4), redness (28,2-35,7) and yellowness (5,1-6,6)) and organoleptic (color (4,79-6,13), taste (4,92-6,06) and texture (4,36-6,30)).The best treatment of beet marshmallow is G3B1 treatment (5% gelatin concentration and 5% beet extract concentration), which has 21,41% water content, 0,811 water activity, 0,4790 g/mL density, 1599,25 g hardness, 1508,77 g chewiness, 6,04 lightness, 28,2 redness, 6,6 yellowness and the organoleptic 5,87; 5,84 6,30 for color, taste and texture

High abundance synovial fluid proteome: distinct profiles in health and osteoarthritis

The development of increasingly high-throughput and sensitive mass spectroscopy-based proteomic techniques provides new opportunities to examine the physiology and pathophysiology of many biologic fluids and tissues. The purpose of this study was to determine protein expression profiles of high-abundance synovial fluid (SF) proteins in health and in the prevalent joint disease osteoarthritis (OA). A cross-sectional study of 62 patients with early OA (n = 21), patients with late OA (n = 21), and control individuals (n = 20) was conducted. SF proteins were separated by using one-dimensional PAGE, and the in-gel digested proteins were analyzed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 362 spots were examined and 135 high-abundance SF proteins were identified as being expressed across all three study cohorts. A total of 135 SF proteins were identified. Eighteen proteins were found to be significantly differentially expressed between control individuals and OA patients. Two subsets of OA that are not dependent on disease duration were identified using unsupervised analysis of the data. Several novel SF proteins were also identified. Our analyses demonstrate no disease duration-dependent differences in abundant protein composition of SF in OA, and we clearly identified two previously unappreciated yet distinct subsets of protein profiles in this disease cohort. Additionally, our findings reveal novel abundant protein species in healthy SF whose functional contribution to SF physiology was not previously recognized. Finally, our studies identify candidate biomarkers for OA with potential for use as highly sensitive and specific tests for diagnostic purposes or for evaluating therapeutic response

The Building Blocks of Interoperability. A Multisite Analysis of Patient Demographic Attributes Available for Matching.

BackgroundPatient matching is a key barrier to achieving interoperability. Patient demographic elements must be consistently collected over time and region to be valuable elements for patient matching.ObjectivesWe sought to determine what patient demographic attributes are collected at multiple institutions in the United States and see how their availability changes over time and across clinical sites.MethodsWe compiled a list of 36 demographic elements that stakeholders previously identified as essential patient demographic attributes that should be collected for the purpose of linking patient records. We studied a convenience sample of 9 health care systems from geographically distinct sites around the country. We identified changes in the availability of individual patient demographic attributes over time and across clinical sites.ResultsSeveral attributes were consistently available over the study period (2005-2014) including last name (99.96%), first name (99.95%), date of birth (98.82%), gender/sex (99.73%), postal code (94.71%), and full street address (94.65%). Other attributes changed significantly from 2005-2014: Social security number (SSN) availability declined from 83.3% to 50.44% (p<0.0001). Email address availability increased from 8.94% up to 54% availability (p<0.0001). Work phone number increased from 20.61% to 52.33% (p<0.0001).ConclusionsOverall, first name, last name, date of birth, gender/sex and address were widely collected across institutional sites and over time. Availability of emerging attributes such as email and phone numbers are increasing while SSN use is declining. Understanding the relative availability of patient attributes can inform strategies for optimal matching in healthcare

Carbon Emissions From Oil Palm Plantations on Peat Soil

This project was funded by the Natural Environmental Research Council, UK (grant code: 1368637) and the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (grant code: R010913000).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Platform dependence of inference on gene-wise and gene-set involvement in human lung development

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>With the recent development of microarray technologies, the comparability of gene expression data obtained from different platforms poses an important problem. We evaluated two widely used platforms, Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 and the Illumina HumanRef-8 v2 Expression Bead Chips, for comparability in a biological system in which changes may be subtle, namely fetal lung tissue as a function of gestational age.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We performed the comparison via sequence-based probe matching between the two platforms. "Significance grouping" was defined as a measure of comparability. Using both expression correlation and significance grouping as measures of comparability, we demonstrated that despite overall cross-platform differences at the single gene level, increased correlation between the two platforms was found in genes with higher expression level, higher probe overlap, and lower p-value. We also demonstrated that biological function as determined via KEGG pathways or GO categories is more consistent across platforms than single gene analysis.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We conclude that while the comparability of the platforms at the single gene level may be increased by increasing sample size, they are highly comparable ontologically even for subtle differences in a relatively small sample size. Biologically relevant inference should therefore be reproducible across laboratories using different platforms.</p

The Role of Protein Kinase A Regulation of the E6 PDZ-Binding Domain during the Differentiation-Dependent Life Cycle of Human Papillomavirus Type 18

Human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 proteins of high-risk alpha types target a select group of PSD95/DLG1/ZO1 (PDZ) domain-containing proteins by using a C-terminal PDZ-binding motif (PBM), an interaction that can be negatively regulated by phosphorylation of the E6 PBM by protein kinase A (PKA). Here, we have mutated the canonical PKA recognition motif that partially overlaps with the E6 PBM in the HPV18 genome (E6153PKA) and compared the effect of this mutation on the HPVl8 life cycle in primary keratinocytes with the wild-type genome and with a second mutant genome that lacks the E6 PBM (E6ΔPDZ). Loss of PKA recognition of E6 was associated with increased growth of the genome-containing cells relative to cells carrying the wild-type genome, and upon stratification, a more hyperplastic phenotype, with an increase in the number of S-phase competent cells in the upper suprabasal layers, while the opposite was seen with the E6ΔPDZ genome. Moreover, the growth of wild-type genome-containing cells was sensitive to changes in PKA activity, and these changes were associated with increased phosphorylation of the E6 PBM. In marked contrast to E6ΔPDZ genomes, the E6153PKA mutation exhibited no deleterious effects on viral genome amplification or expression of late proteins. Our data suggest that the E6 PBM function is differentially regulated by phosphorylation in the HPV18 life cycle. We speculate that perturbation of protein kinase signaling pathways could lead to changes in E6 PBM function, which in turn could have a bearing on tumor promotion and progression

Early increase in single-kidney glomerular filtration rate after living kidney donation predicts long-term kidney function

Single-kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increases after living kidney donation due to compensatory hyperfiltration and structural changes. The implications of inter-individual variability in this increase in single-kidney GFR are unknown. Here, we aimed to identify determinants of the increase in single-kidney GFR at three-month postdonation, and to investigate its relationship with long-term kidney function. In a cohort study in 1024 donors, we found considerable inter-individual variability of the early increase in remaining single-kidney estimated GFR (eGFR) (median [25th-75th percentile]) 12 [8-18] mL/min/1.73m(2). Predonation eGFR, age, and cortical kidney volume measured by CT were the main determinants of the early postdonation increase in single-kidney eGFR. Individuals with a stronger early increase in single-kidney eGFR had a significantly higher five-year postdonation eGFR, independent of predonation eGFR and age. Addition of the postdonation increase in single-kidney eGFR to a model including predonation eGFR and age significantly improved prediction of a five-year postdonation eGFR under 50 mL/min/1.73m(2). Results at ten-year follow-up were comparable, while accounting for left-right differences in kidney volume did not materially change the results. Internal validation using 1251-iothalamate-based measured GFR in 529 donors and external validation using eGFR data in 647 donors yielded highly similar results. Thus, individuals with a more pronounced increase in single-kidney GFR had better long-term kidney function, independent of predonation GFR and age. Hence, the early postdonation increase in single-kidney GFR, considered indicative for kidney reserve capacity, may have additional value to eGFR and age to personalize follow-up intensity after living kidney donation