ALIMENTAÇÃO HUMANA DURANTE O PALEOLÍTICO MÉDIO E SUPERIOR NA EUROPA

Através da investigação e do processamento dos dados fornecidos por uma ampla literatura, quer-se dar uma visão geral da alimentação durante o Paleolítico Médio e Superior europeu e obter uma possível diferença na dieta entre o Neandertal e oSapiens. Para entender este amplo tema, foram selecionados os dados dos estudos sobre a relação de isótopos estáveis de carbono e nitrogênio e os restos faunísticos, dentais e vegetais

Bears and Humans, a Neanderthal tale. Reconstructing uncommon behaviors from zooarchaeological evidence in Southern Europe

Cave bear (Ursus spelaeus), brown bear (Ursus arctos), and Neanderthals were potential competitors for environmental resources (shelters and food) in Europe. In order to reinforce this view and contribute to the ongoing debate on late Neanderthal behavior, we present evidence from zooarchaeological and taphonomic analyses of bear bone remains discovered at Rio Secco Cave and Fumane Cave in northeast Italy, an extended geographic area north of the Adriatic Sea. The remains from both caves come from layers dated to 49-42 ky cal. BP, and suggest close interactions between humans and bears, with data not only limited to the association of Mousterian lithic artifacts with numerous bear remains, but also the detection of clearly preserved traces of human modification such as cut and percussion marks, which enable a reconstruction of the main steps of fur recovery and the butchering process. Examples of Neanderthal bear exploitation are extremely sporadic in Europe, and Grotta Rio Secco and Grotta Fumane can be considered rare cases of remain accumulations generated by the human predation of bears of varied age classes during or near the end of hibernation. All of this evidence suggests that bears had a strategic role in the nomadic economy of Neanderthal hunting groups

Subsistence of early anatomically modern humans in Europe as evidenced in the Protoaurignacian occupations of Fumane Cave, Italy

Documenting the subsistence strategies developed by early modern humans is relevant for understanding the success of their dispersal throughout Eurasia. Today, we know that there was not a single colonization event and that the process was progressive while coping with the MIS3 abrupt climatic oscillations. Modern humans expanded into the continent by adapting to different topographic situations and by exploiting resources in diverse ecological niches. The northern part of Italy is one of the first European regions where early modern humans are documented. Here, we present the subsistence regimen adopted by the Protoaurignacian groups in two different levels in Fumane Cave based on archaeozoological data. New radiocarbon dates confirm an overlap between Uluzzian and Protoaurignacian occupations, around 42 and 41,000 cal BP, and reveal that modern humans occupied the cave from GI10 to GS9, the last level coinciding with the Heinrich Event 4. The data indicate seasonal site occupations during late spring/summer and that prey exploitation was focused mostly on ibex and chamois, killed in nearby areas. The whole faunal assemblage suggests the presence of early modern humans in a cold environment with mostly open landscapes and patchy woodlands. The estimation of net primary productivity (NPP) in Fumane, compared with other contemporaneous Italian sites, reflects how the NPP fluctuations in the Prealpine area, where Fumane is located, affected the biotic resources in contrast to known Mediterranean sites. From a pan- European perspective, the spatiotemporal fluctuation of the NPP versus the subsistence strategies adopted by Protoaurignacian groups in the continent supports rapid Homo sapiens dispersal and resilience in a mosaic of environments that were affected by significant climate changes.This research is funded by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (Grant Agreement No. 818299‐SUBSILIENCE project (https:// www. subsi lience. eu). G. T. and M.V.C. were funded by the former project and later by a Juan de la Cierva Formación Grant (Ref: FJC2019-040637-I and FJC2021-047601-I) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. Research and fieldwork at Fumane Cave are coordinated by the University of Ferrara (M. Peresani) in the framework of a project supported by the Ministry of Culture—SAPAB Archaeological Superintendence, public institutions (Lessinia-Regional Natural Park, B.I.M. Adige, Fumane Municipality), private associations and companies, and in collaboration with Italian and European research centres. The authors thank all the colleagues from EvoAdapta Group for the constant enriching discussions and Prof. L. G. Straus for his edition of the English in the accepted version. Finally, we are grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions which have helped us to improve the manuscript

Extinction and paleoecology of the Late Pleistocene cave bear from northeastern Italy: radiocarbon and stable isotope evidence

We present here the chronometric, isotopic and taphonomic evidence of cave bear from three Palaeolithic sites in north-eastern Italy: Paina, Trene and Buso doppio del Broion (Berici Hills - Vicenza). Two direct radiocarbon dates yielded an age around 24 ka BP, which make these remains the latest known representatives of the species in Europe and confirmed that demise of cave bear falls during the LGM. The carbon and nitrogen isotopic values of bone collagen do not show any marked ecological change since 33 ka BP, suggesting an essential vegetarian diet. Several bear bones preserved traces of human modification such as cut marks, which en-ables a reconstruction of the main steps of butchering process

Late Neanderthal subsistence at San Bernardino Cave (Berici Hills-Northeastern Italy) inferred from zooarchaeological data

North-eastern Italy is a key region for the study of Neanderthal way of life over a wide timeframe, as attested by over 20 Middle Palaeolithic multi-layered sites in caves, rock shelters and at open-air sites. Here we contribute to increase our understanding of Neanderthal subsistence strategies through the study of the faunal assemblage of Unit II dated to the first half of Marine Isotopic Stage 3 (MIS3), from San Bernardino Cave. The site is located in the Berici Hills, at low altitude near the edge of a karstic plateau dissected by valleys and delimited by the alluvial lowland. Zooarchaeological and taphonomic analyses suggest that Neanderthal groups were the primary agent for the accumulation of mammal remains, and that hunting mainly focused on ungulates, such as Cervus elaphus and Capreolus capreolus. Forested environment sustained by mild climatic conditions is also inferred by micromammals evidence. Our data suggest a selective transport of the prey - even for the roe deer - which might have implied a long distance transportation from the site. Also, it might have been related to the age of the prey or to multiple preys hunted in a single episode. The Bayesian method applied to the analysis of skeletal profiles shows a high level of attrition at the site and a greater degree of processing appendicular skeleton. Neanderthals used San Bernardino Cave as a place where carcasses processing was finalized, after an initial process at the kill-site, and then prepared for consumption. Also, discarded bones were used for lithic manufacturing. The San Bernardino evidence can be compared with productive systems for exploiting available ungulate game from other regional-scale MIS 3 Middle Palaeolithic sites.Excavations and studies at San Bernardino Cave are coordinated by the University of Ferrara (M.P.) and supported by the Ministry of Cultural Affairs and Tourism and Veneto Archaeological Superintendency (SABAPVerona, Vicenza and Rovigo), public institutions (Veneto Region - Department for Cultural Heritage, Province of Vicenza, Municipality of Mossano). Author contributions: M.P. conceived research; V.L., G.T. and M.R. analysed data; A.B.M.A. supported new radiocarbon dating; S.B. and M.R. are supported by the ERC-CoG Horizon 2020 project SUCCESS (Ref 724046 - website: http://www.erc-success.eu/); G.T. and M.P. wrote the paper with inputs from A.B.M.A., M.R. and S.B. The authors want to acknowledge Lucía Agudo Pérez for graphic support. Radiocarbon dating has been funded by the ERC-CoG Horizon 2020 project SUBSILIENCE (Ref 818299 - website: https://www.subsilience.eu/) led by A. B. Marín-Arroyo

Systemic factors relevant to strategic risk analisys. A case study of colombian private universities

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la presencia de factores sistémicos en el proceso de identificación y análisis de riesgos estratégicos en el sector universitario privado colombiano, con certificación de alta calidad. Para esto, se revisó el estado del arte, se identificaron y presentaron los factores que, a priori, podrían caracterizar las intervenciones y perspectivas sistémicas y que proveen un marco teórico desde el cual se analizó el proceso de gestión de riesgos estratégicos. Se desarrolló una labor de campo, de tipo cualitativo, a partir del estudio de casos, implementada mediante entrevistas en profundidad y la recopilación de información pública y documentos facilitados por las instituciones. En las conclusiones se podrá observar que las universidades integrantes del colectivo estudiado han avanzado en los últimos años, en la gestión de riesgos estratégicos incluyendo en los procesos algunos factores característicos de las intervenciones sistémicas. Sin embargo, y desde la perspectiva sistémica, se han podido identificar algunas oportunidades de mejora que pueden integrar una agenda para las instituciones estudiadas.This research aims to analyze the presence of systemic factors in the process of identification and analysis of strategic risk in the Colombian private university sector, with high-quality certification., Its goal is to identify and analyze the influence of systemic interventions and perspectives on this process. For that reason, the state-of-the-art was reviewed, the factors that could characterize interventions and systemic perspectives were identified and presented. They provide a theoretical framework from which the strategic risk management process was analyzed., Qualitative field work was developed, based on case studies implemented through in-depth interviews and the collection, of public information and documents provided by the institutions. Conclusions show that the Universities that are part of the group under study, have advanced in the last years in the management of strategic risks including some factors characteristic of systemic interventions. However, from a systemic perspective, it has been possible to identify some opportunities for improvement that can integrate an agenda for the studied institutions.Facultad de Ciencias Económica

Clinical manifestations and treatment of mucopolysaccharidosis type I patients in Latin America as compared with the rest of the world

Background Mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I) comprises a spectrum of clinical manifestations and is divided into three phenotypes reflecting clinical severity: Hurler, Hurler-Scheie, and Scheie syndromes. There may be important variations in clinical manifestations of this genetic disease in patients residing in different regions of the world.Methods Using data from the MPS I Registry (as of September 2009), we evaluated patients from Latin America (n=118) compared with patients from the rest of the world [ROW (n=727)].Results Phenotype distribution differed among patients in Latin America compared to ROW(Hurler 31 vs. 62%, Hurler-Scheie 36 vs. 21%, Scheie 10 vs. 11%, and unknown 22 vs. 6%). the frequency of certain symptoms, such as cardiac valve abnormalities, sleep impairment, and joint contractures, also differed between Latin America and ROW for some phenotypes. Median age at MPS I diagnosis was earlier in the ROW than Latin America for all phenotypes, and age at first treatment for Hurler and Hurler-Scheie patients was also earlier in the ROW. Hurler patients in Latin America showed a gap of 3.1 years between median ages of diagnosis and first treatment compared to only 0.5 years in the ROW. Treatment allocation in Latin America compared to ROW was as follows: enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) only, 80 vs. 45%; hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) only, 0.9 vs. 27%; both ERT and HSCT, 0 vs. 16%; and neither treatment, 19 vs. 13%.Conclusion These data highlight important differences in MPS I patients between Latin America and ROW in terms of phenotypic distribution, clinical manifestations, and treatment practices.MPS I Registry team at Genzyme CorporationHosp Nacl Pediat JP Garrahan, Unidad Errores Congenitos Metab, Buenos Aires, DF, ArgentinaHosp Especialidades UMAE 25, Monterrey, MexicoGenzyme Corp, Latin Amer Grp, Registry Program, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilUniv Rosario, Fdn Univ Ciencias Salud, Bogota, ColombiaUniv Valparaiso, Fac Med, Neurol Infantil Programa Formac Neuropediat, Valparaiso, ChileUniv Chile, INTA, Lab Genet & Enfermedades Metab, Santiago, ChileUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Ctr Referencia Erros Inatos Metab, São Paulo, BrazilGenzyme Corp, Latin Amer Grp, Compassionate Use Program, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Ctr Referencia Erros Inatos Metab, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Diagnosis and treatment trends in mucopolysaccharidosis I: findings from the MPS I Registry

Our objective was to assess how the diagnosis and treatment of mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I) have changed over time. We used data from 891 patients in the MPS I Registry, an international observational database, to analyze ages at symptom onset, diagnosis, treatment initiation, and treatment allocation (hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, enzyme replacement therapy with laronidase, both, or neither) over time for all disease phenotypes (Hurler, Hurler–Scheie, and Scheie syndromes). The interval between diagnosis and treatment has become shorter since laronidase became available in 2003 (gap during 2006–2009: Hurler—0.2 year, Hurler–Scheie—0.5 year, Scheie—1.4 years). However, the age at diagnosis has not decreased for any MPS I phenotype over time, and the interval between symptom onset and treatment initiation remains substantial for both Hurler–Scheie and Scheie patients (gap during 2006–2009, 2.42 and 6.71 years, respectively). Among transplanted patients, an increasing proportion received hematopoietic stem cells from cord blood (34 out of 64 patients by 2009) and was also treated with laronidase (42 out of 45 patients by 2009). Conclusions: Despite the availability of laronidase since 2003, the diagnosis of MPS I is still substantially delayed for patients with Hurler–Scheie and Scheie phenotypes, which can lead to a sub-optimal treatment outcome. Increased awareness of MPS I signs and symptoms by primary care providers and pediatric subspecialists is crucial to initiate early treatment and to improve the quality of life of MPS I patients

Heavy reliance on plants for Romanian cave bears evidenced by amino acid nitrogen isotope analysis

Heavy reliance on plants is rare in Carnivora and mostly limited to relatively small species in subtropical settings. The feeding behaviors of extinct cave bears living during Pleistocene cold periods at middle latitudes have been intensely studied using various approaches including isotopic analyses of fossil collagen. In contrast to cave bears from all other regions in Europe, some individuals from Romania show exceptionally high δ15N values that might be indicative of meat consumption. Herbivory on plants with high δ15N values cannot be ruled out based on this method, however. Here we apply an approach using the δ15N values of individual amino acids from collagen that offsets the baseline δ15N variation among environments. The analysis yielded strong signals of reliance on plants for Romanian cave bears based on the δ15N values of glutamate and phenylalanine. These results could suggest that the high variability in bulk collagen δ15N values observed among cave bears in Romania reflects niche partitioning but in a general trophic context of herbivory

Early disease progression of Hurler syndrome

BACKGROUND: Newborn screening for mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) shows promise to improve outcomes by facilitating early diagnosis and treatment. However, diagnostic tests for MPS I are of limited value in predicting whether a child will develop severe central nervous system disease associated with Hurler syndrome, or minimal or no central nervous system involvement associated with the attenuated phenotypes (Hurler–Scheie and Scheie syndromes). Given that the optimal treatment differs between Hurler syndrome and the attenuated MPS I phenotypes, the absence of a reliable prognostic biomarker complicates clinical decision making for infants diagnosed through newborn screening. Information about the natural history of Hurler syndrome may aid in the management of affected infants, contribute to treatment decisions, and facilitate evaluation of treatment effectiveness and prognosis. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the progression and timing of symptom onset in infants with Hurler syndrome. RESULTS: Clinical data from 55 patients evaluated at a single center were retrospectively reviewed. Information about each child’s medical history was obtained following a standardized protocol including a thorough parent interview and the review of previous medical records. All patients underwent systematic physical and neurodevelopmental evaluations by a multidisciplinary team. Nearly all patients (98%) showed signs of disease during the first 6 months of life. Common early disease manifestations included failed newborn hearing screen, respiratory symptoms, difficulty latching, and otitis media. Other symptoms such as kyphosis, corneal clouding, cardiac disease, joint restrictions, and enlarged head circumference typically appeared slightly later (median age, 8–10 months). During the first 12 months, gross motor development was the most severely affected area of functioning, and a significant number of patients also experienced language delays. Cognition was typically preserved during this period. CONCLUSIONS: In this large cohort of patients with Hurler syndrome, the vast majority showed signs and symptoms of disease during the first months of life. More research is needed to determine the extent to which early clinical manifestations of MPS I can predict phenotype and treatment outcomes