Pre-travel consultations quality criteria: a Delphi consensus

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Modulation of dietary protein to lipid ratios for gilthead seabream on-growing during summer temperature conditions

Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) tend to increase fat deposition during summer farming conditions in the Mediterranean, which may negatively affect productive performance and consumers' quality perception of the final product. Therefore, this study evaluated the impacts of protein to lipid ratios in low fishmeal/fish oil diets on growth performance, body composition, feed conversion and nutrient utilization of seabream on-grown during summer temperature conditions. The experimental diets contained low levels of fishmeal, fish oil, and crude protein (39%), differing in crude lipid content: 16% (MF diet) or 12% (LF diet). A growth trial was per-formed with seabream (initial weight: 100 & PLUSMN; 7 g) from August to October (water temperature: 23.1 & PLUSMN; 2.2 & DEG;C). A digestibility trial was also performed (at 23 & DEG;C). Key performance indicators, whole-body composition and ac-tivities of digestive enzymes were evaluated at the end of the experiment (64 days). Low dietary lipid levels negatively affected lipid, energy, and amino acid digestibility, and as a result, fish fed the LF diet presented higher nitrogen faecal losses. Still, the decrease in nutrient digestibility was not related to dietary effects on the digestive enzyme activities. The experimental diets did not compromise the activity of pancreatic, gastric, and intestinal digestive enzymes nor feed utilization, but a slight growth impairment was observed in fish fed the LF diet, probably due to the lower amino acid and lipid digestibility. However, a potential benefit of this dietary treatment towards reducing fat accumulation in seabream during summer was observed. Nevertheless, the environmental impact of the nitrogen losses during seabream on-growing should be considered when estimating the sustainability of the production. This study demonstrated that the optimisation of diet formulations should account for the environmental conditions, especially in Mediterranean aquaculture, so the economic and envi-ronmental impacts may be correctly evaluated towards a more sustainable fish production.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

revisão para clínicos

O vírus Chikungunya é um alfavírus re-emergente que tem como vetor mosquitos do género Aedes. É endémico em África e, nos últimos anos, propagou-se para o Oceano Índico, Ásia e Américas, onde causou vários grandes surtos. Desde 2007 têm-se verificado pequenos surtos com transmissão autóctone no sul da Europa, dada a expansão do Aedes albopictus para este território. Causa doença aguda caracterizada por febre, cefaleia, exantema e artralgia. A artralgia pode progredir e tornar-se persistente. As manifestações atípicas, severas, mas raras, incluem patologia do sistema nervoso central. Está associada a morbilidade por persistência da artralgia, e a mortalidade. O diagnóstico é feito por reação em cadeia da polimerase ou por pesquisa de anticorpos IgM e IgG. Não existe terapêutica antiviral eficaz, sendo recomendado tratamento de suporte para alívio sintomático. As estratégias de controlo do vetor são o único método disponível para controlar os mosquitos do género Aedes em meio urbano. Chikungunya virus is a re-emerging alphavirus, transmitted by mosquitoes from Aedes species. It is endemic in Africa, and recently it has spread throughout the Indian Ocean, Asia and the Americas, where it has caused several major outbreaks. Since 2007 small outbreaks with autochthone transmission happened in southern Europe, where Aedes albopictus expanded. The disease is characterized by fever, headache, rash and arthralgia with an acute unset. Arthralgia may progress and become persistent. Atypical manifestations, severe but rare, include neurologic disease. It is associated with morbidity, due to persistent arthralgia, and mortality. The diagnosis is performed by polymerase chain reaction or by IgM and IgG antibodies detection. There is no effective antiviral treatment, and therefore supportive care is recommended to relieve symptoms. Vector control strategies are the only available method to control Aedes mosquitoes in urban setting.publishersversionpublishe

ICI 182,780 has agonistic effects and synergizes with estradiol-17 beta in fish liver, but not in testis

BACKGROUND: ICI 182,780 (ICI) belongs to a new class of antiestrogens developed to be pure estrogen antagonists and, in addition to its therapeutic use, it has been used to knock-out estrogen and estrogen receptor (ER) actions in several mammalian species. In the present study, the effects and mechanism of action of ICI were investigated in the teleost fish, sea bream (Sparus auratus). METHODS: Three independent in vivo experiments were performed in which mature male tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) or sea bream received intra-peritoneal implants containing estradiol-17 beta (E2), ICI or a combination of both compounds. The effects of E2 and ICI on plasma calcium levels were measured and hepatic and testicular gene expression of the three ER subtypes, ER alpha, ER beta a and ER beta b, and the estrogen-responsive genes, vitellogenin II and choriogenin L, were analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR in sea bream. RESULTS: E2 treatment caused an increase in calcium levels in tilapia, while ICI alone had no noticeable effect, as expected. However, pretreatment with ICI synergistically potentiated the effect of E2 on plasma calcium in both species. ICI mimicked some E2 actions in gene expression in sea bream liver upregulating ER alpha, vitellogenin II and choriogenin L, although, unlike E2, it did not downregulate ER beta a and ER beta b. In contrast, no effects of E2 or ICI alone were detected in the expression of ERs in testis, while vitellogenin II and choriogenin L were upregulated by E2 but not ICI. Finally, pretreatment with ICI had a synergistic effect on the hepatic E2 down-regulation of ER beta b, but apparently blocked the ER alpha up-regulation by E2. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that ICI has agonistic effects on several typical estrogenic responses in fish, but its actions are tissue-specific. The mechanisms for the ICI agonistic activity are still unknown; although the ICI induced up-regulation of ER alpha mRNA could be one of the factors contributing to the cellular response

Born small, die young: Intrinsic, size-selective mortality in marine larval fish

Mortality during the early stages is a major cause of the natural variations in the size and recruitment strength of marine fish populations. In this study, the relation between the size-at-hatch and early survival was assessed using laboratory experiments and on field-caught larvae of the European sardine (Sardina pilchardus). Larval size-at-hatch was not related to the egg size but was significantly, positively related to the diameter of the otolith-at-hatch. Otolith diameter-at-hatch was also significantly correlated with survival-at-age in fed and unfed larvae in the laboratory. For sardine larvae collected in the Bay of Biscay during the spring of 2008, otolith radius-at-hatch was also significantly related to viability. Larval mortality has frequently been related to adverse environmental conditions and intrinsic factors affecting feeding ability and vulnerability to predators. Our study offers evidence indicating that a significant portion of fish mortality occurs during the endogenous (yolk) and mixed (yolk /prey) feeding period in the absence of predators, revealing that marine fish with high fecundity, such as small pelagics, can spawn a relatively large amount of eggs resulting in small larvae with no chances to survive. Our findings help to better understand the mass mortalities occurring at early stages of marine fish.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Effects of dietary curcumin in growth performance, oxidative status and gut morphometry and function of gilthead seabream postlarvae

An imbalance in the production and detoxification of reactive oxygen species and other oxidants can disrupt a l l types of cellular compounds, and lead to a state of oxidative stress. Preventing this state is essential to improve growth and health in animal production. Therefore, the aim of this work was to assess i f the dieta r y supple-mentation of curcumin cou l d improve the antioxidant status and intestine structu r e and functionalit y of gilthead seabream postlarvae, with the global objective of improving fish growth performance and robustness. Two experimental diets supplemented with different doses of curcumin (LOW and HIGH diets), and a commercial diet were fed to quadruplicate groups of postlarvae, for 20 days. At the end of the feeding trial fish fed the supple-mented diets significantly improved their antioxidant status compared to CTRL fed fish. LOW and HIGH fed fish presented lower protein oxidative damage (P 0.05). In conclusion, dieta r y curcumin supplementation was able to enhance gilthead seabream postlarvae robustness through a modulation of the oxidative status, increasing total antioxidant capacity and decreasing protein oxidative damage. This data pro-vide evidence that curcumin can be a suitable feed additive to promote heath status and robustness of fish at early stages of development, therefore contributing for the development and sustainabilit y of marine fish hatchery production.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Be the one – stop bullying

Nuestra investigación se basó en una revisión de la literatura de 22 estudios científicos sobre el bullying, el tipo de víctima y agresor, sus causas y consecuencias, aquí se mostraron los daños de las víctimas, así como su repercusión global en el mundo. La intimidación se considera hoy en día un desafío global para la salud pública, las nuevas propuestas de intervención son esenciales para detener esta guerra silenciosa y silenciada por lo general, con consecuencias dramáticas como el desarrollo de patologías graves surgido por las experiencias traumáticas, y eventual conducta suicida. Con este fin tenemos la intención de ilustrar una posible vía para restaurar un medio ambiente seguro y saludable esencial para el desarrollo sano del niño, se dibuja una intervención terapéutica para hacer frente a esta violencia entre pares, concluyendo que es fundamental la prevención responsable y la alerta general la sociedad, el fortalecimiento de las víctimas primarias y secundarias, mediante la preparación de una acción Be the One - Stop Bullying , sabiendo que "la unión hace la fuerza", garantizado esto por el compromiso de toda la comunidad, traducido en la comunicación proactiva entre la escuela, la familia y las entidades gubernamentales competentes.Our investigation was based in a literature revision of 22 scientific studies of Bullying, enlightening aggressor’s and victim’s characteristics type, its causes and consequences here showed as victim’s damages as well as its global repercussion in the world. Being Bullying considered nowadays a global challenge to health public, new intervention proposals are essential to stop this usually silent and silenced war, with dramatic consequences as the development of severe pathologies emerged by traumatic experiences, and eventual suicidal. On this purpose we intend to illustrate a possible pathway to restore the safe and healthy environment essential to the child healthy development, drawing a therapeutic intervention to face this violence among pairs, concluding being crucial the responsible prevention and society general alert, focusing in aggressor’s inclusion in spite of exclusion, and primary as well secondary victim’s reinforcement, trough “Be the One- Stop Bullying” action, knowing that Strength is United Power warranted by community commitment, figured in proactive communication between school, family and governmental institutions.A nossa investigação assentou em 22 estudos científicos sobre Bullying, reflectindo sobre as características tipo de agressores e vítimas, as suas causas, bem como sobre as consequências também aqui desveladas, quer em termos dos danos individuais provocados às vítimas, quer em termos da sua repercussão à escala mundial. Sendo o Bullying actualmente considerado um desafio à saúde pública mundial, urgem novas propostas de intervenção para travar esta frequentemente silenciosa e silenciada guerra, com consequências dramáticas como o desenvolvimento de patologias severas despoletadas pela vivência traumática, culminando no suicídio. Nesse sentido, pretendemos ilustrar um possível caminho de preparação para a reestruturação do ambiente seguro e saudável e essencial ao bom desenvolvimento da criança, desenhando uma abordagem terapêutica para fazer face a esta forma de violência entre pares, para a qual concluímos ser crucial a responsável prevenção e alerta geral da sociedade, com enfoque na inclusão em detrimento da exclusão dos agressores e do fortalecimento das vítimas primárias e secundárias, através da preparação para a acção do Be the One - Stop Bullying, sabendo que a “união faz a força”, garantida esta, pelo empenho de toda a comunidade, traduzido na profícua comunicação entre escola, família e entidades governamentais competentes.peerReviewe

Knowledge, attitudes and practice about zika

No Brasil um surto causado pelo vírus zika foi relatado em 2015 e estima-se a ocorrência de 1,5 milhões de casos entre 2015 e 2016. Este trabalho pretende descrever conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas sobre zika em gestantes e puérperas de uma maternidade de alto risco no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Objetiva traçar o perfil das mulheres, analisar as características socio-demográficas, clínico-epidemiológicas, investigar conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas sobre zika destas mulheres e construir um escore de avaliação do conhecimento sobre a doença. Trata-se de um estudo seccional realizado por meio de questionário estruturado elaborado com base no modelo da OMS. A criação do escore (EFWC) permitiu a qualificação do grau de conhecimento sobre zika. A maior parte das gestantes e puérperas julgou insuficiente a informação que possui sobre zika (71%) em relação a sinais e sintomas (68,3%), causa (67,5%), prevenção (61,8%) e consequências (57%). A partir do cálculo do escore, observou-se que 1,6% das mulheres não tinham conhecimento algum sobre zika; 58,5% das mulheres tem conhecimento ruim ou inferior sobre zika. Não foi observada correlação entre renda, escolaridade ou idade da população deste estudo ao conhecimento sobre zika medido pelo escore. In Brazil an outbreak caused by the zika virus was reported in 2015 and an estimated 1.5 million cases were reported in 2015 and 2016. This paper aims to describe knowledge, attitudes and practices about zika in pregnant and postpartum women of a high risk maternity hospital in the state of Rio de Janeiro. It aims to trace the profile of women, analyze the demographic, clinical and epidemiological characteristics, investigate knowledge, attitudes and practices about zika of these women and build a knowledge assessment score on the disease. This is a sectional study carried out using a structured questionnaire based on the WHO model. The score (EFWC) was elaborated to assess the degree of knowledge about zika. Most of pregnant and postpartum women considered the information they had about zika insufficient (71%) regarding signs and symptoms (68.3%), cause (67.5%), prevention (61.8%), consequences (57%). The score revealed that 1.6% of the women had no knowledge about zika; 58.5% of women had poor or inferior knowledge about zika. No correlation was found between income, schooling or age of the study population and knowledge about zika measured by the score.publishersversionpublishe

GESTÃO AMBIENTAL COM INCLUSÃO SOCIAL: LIMITES E (IM)POSSIBILIDADES. ANÁLISE DA INSERÇÃO DAS COOPERATIVAS DE CATADORES NO CAMPO DA INDÚSTRIA DE RECICLAGEM

O artigo analisa a organização de catadores de resíduos recicláveis, tendo como quadro de referência a teoria institucional. Autores neo-marxistas, ligados ao movimento da economia solidária, propõem a cooperativa popular como modelo de organização capaz de “emancipar” o trabalhador e “desalienar” o trabalho, ainda que operando em contexto capitalista. O presente artigo é uma crítica a esta posição; analisa o caso das cooperativas de catadores para problematizar os benefícios da sua organização em cooperativas. Integradas a um campo organizacional presidido pela lógica da acumulação – a indústria de reciclagem – as cooperativas ficam submetidas a pressões isomórficas. O resultado é uma configuração estrutural em que as práticas cooperativistas se manifestam de forma desfigurada e ritualizada. Longe da “emancipação” e “desalienação”, os catadores aparecem como elo frágil do campo. Além de já submetidos à precarização, em função das condições de trabalho e baixa remuneração, sofrem uma espécie de exclusão de segunda ordem, se demonstrarem-se incapazes de atender as expectativas de eficiência demandadas pelo campo da indústria de reciclagem