Integrating immunology and microfluidics for single immune cell analysis

The field of immunoengineering aims to develop novel therapies and modern vaccines to manipulate and modulate the immune system and applies innovative technologies toward improved understanding of the immune system in health and disease. Microfluidics has proven to be an excellent technology for analytics in biology and chemistry. From simple microsystem chips to complex microfluidic designs, these platforms have witnessed an immense growth over the last decades with frequent emergence of new designs. Microfluidics provides a highly robust and precise tool which led to its widespread application in single-cell analysis of immune cells. Single-cell analysis allows scientists to account for the heterogeneous behavior of immune cells which often gets overshadowed when conventional bulk study methods are used. Application of single-cell analysis using microfluidics has facilitated the identification of several novel functional immune cell subsets, quantification of signaling molecules, and understanding of cellular communication and signaling pathways. Single-cell analysis research in combination with microfluidics has paved the way for the development of novel therapies, point-of-care diagnostics, and even more complex microfluidic platforms that aid in creating in vitro cellular microenvironments for applications in drug and toxicity screening. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on the integration of microsystems and microfluidics with immunology and focus on different designs developed to decode single immune cell behavior and cellular communication. We have categorized the microfluidic designs in three specific categories: microfluidic chips with cell traps, valve-based microfluidics, and droplet microfluidics that have facilitated the ongoing research in the field of immunology at single-cell level

Quantum and classical echoes in scattering systems described by simple Smale horseshoes

We explore the quantum scattering of systems classically described by binary and other low order Smale horseshoes, in a stage of development where the stable island associated with the inner periodic orbit is large, but chaos around this island is well developed. For short incoming pulses we find periodic echoes modulating an exponential decay over many periods. The period is directly related to the development stage of the horseshoe. We exemplify our studies with a one-dimensional system periodically kicked in time and we mention possible experiments.Comment: 7 pages with 6 reduced quality figures! Please contact the authors ([email protected]) for an original good quality pre-prin

An on-board data management solution

A Marine Data Management System (MDM-400) has been installed on the Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO) research vessel B/O Cornide de Saavedra. It is an experience of how a commercial solution has been developed and fully adapted to the ship characteristics, including an external communication by Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) connection that facilitates the maintenance works. The system runs on 4 windows based computers interconnected by a LAN (Local Area Network). The current work mainly focuses on discussing the technical solutions that have been taken, real-time integration, data storage and transmission, and external communications.Peer Reviewe

Self-pulsing effect in chaotic scattering

We study the quantum and classical scattering of Hamiltonian systems whose chaotic saddle is described by binary or ternary horseshoes. We are interested in parameters of the system for which a stable island, associated with the inner fundamental periodic orbit of the system exists and is large, but chaos around this island is well developed. In this situation, in classical systems, decay from the interaction region is algebraic, while in quantum systems it is exponential due to tunneling. In both cases, the most surprising effect is a periodic response to an incoming wave packet. The period of this self-pulsing effect or scattering echoes coincides with the mean period, by which the scattering trajectories rotate around the stable orbit. This period of rotation is directly related to the development stage of the underlying horseshoe. Therefore the predicted echoes will provide experimental access to topological information. We numerically test these results in kicked one dimensional models and in open billiards.Comment: Submitted to New Journal of Physics. Two movies (not included) and full-resolution figures are available at http://www.cicc.unam.mx/~mejia

A New Self-Stabilizing Maximal Matching Algorithm

The maximal matching problem has received considerable attention in the self-stabilizing community. Previous work has given different self-stabilizing algorithms that solves the problem for both the adversarial and fair distributed daemon, the sequential adversarial daemon, as well as the synchronous daemon. In the following we present a single self-stabilizing algorithm for this problem that unites all of these algorithms in that it stabilizes in the same number of moves as the previous best algorithms for the sequential adversarial, the distributed fair, and the synchronous daemon. In addition, the algorithm improves the previous best moves complexities for the distributed adversarial daemon from O(n^2) and O(delta m) to O(m) where n is the number of processes, m is thenumber of edges, and delta is the maximum degree in the graph

Verification and application of multi-source focus quantification

International audienceThe concept of the multi-source focus correlation method was presented in 2015 [1, 2]. A more accurate understanding of real on-product focus can be obtained by gathering information from different sectors: design, scanner short loop monitoring, scanner leveling, on-product focus and topography. This work will show that chip topography can be predicted from reticle density and perimeter density data, including experimental proof.Different pixel sizes are used to perform the correlation in-line with the minimum resolution, correlation length of CMP effects and the spot size of the scanner level sensor.Potential applications of the topography determination will be evaluated, includingoptimizing scanner leveling by ignoring non-critical parts of the field, and without the need for time-consuming offline topography measurements

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Bursts in the Chaotic Trajectory Lifetimes Preceding the Controlled Periodic Motion

The average lifetime ($\tau(H)$) it takes for a randomly started trajectory to land in a small region ($H$) on a chaotic attractor is studied. $\tau(H)$ is an important issue for controlling chaos. We point out that if the region $H$ is visited by a short periodic orbit, the lifetime $\tau(H)$ strongly deviates from the inverse of the naturally invariant measure contained within that region ($\mu_N(H)^{-1}$). We introduce the formula that relates $\tau(H)/\mu_N(H)^{-1}$ to the expanding eigenvalue of the short periodic orbit visiting $H$.Comment: Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. E, 3 PS figure