Ewolucja samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce w latach 1989-1998

In the present article focuses on showing the transformation of local government in Poland after 1989. The writing discussed the issues related to the evolution of local government on the ground in the context of the changing political and social reality. Shown are the determinants of the transformation of local government, were also presented new legal conditions and their impact on the evolution of the local administration. Particular attention was paid to the reform of the administration in 1998 and its impact on the shape of the current administration

Spectrum of Infection and Risk Factors for Human Monkeypox, United States, 2003

Infection is associated with proximity to virus-infected animals and their excretions and secretions

What is the impact of shift work on the psychological functioning and resilience of nurses? An integrative review

Aim: To synthesize existing research to determine if nurses who work shifts have poorer psychological functioning and resilience than nurses who do not work shifts. Background: Research exploring the impact of shift work on the psychological functioning and resilience of nurses is limited compared with research investigating the impact of shifts on physical outcomes. Design: Integrative literature review. Data Sources: Relevant databases were searched from January 1995-August 2016 using the combination of keywords: nurse, shift work; rotating roster; night shift; resilient; hardiness; coping; well-being; burnout; mental health; occupational stress; compassion fatigue; compassion satisfaction; stress; anxiety; depression. Review Methods: Two authors independently performed the integrative review processes proposed by Whittemore and Knafl and a quality assessment using the mixed-methods appraisal tool by Pluye et al. Results: A total of 37 articles were included in the review (32 quantitative, 4 qualitative and 1 mixed-methods). Approximately half of the studies directly compared nurse shift workers with non-shift workers. Findings were grouped according to the following main outcomes: (1) general psychological well-being/quality of life; (2) Job satisfaction/burnout; (3) Depression, anxiety and stress; and (4) Resilience/coping. We did not find definitive evidence that shift work is associated with poorer psychological functioning in nurses. Overall, the findings suggest that the impact of shift work on nurse psychological functioning is dependent on several contextual and individual factors. Conclusion: More studies are required which directly compare the psychological outcomes and resilience of nurse shift workers with non-shift workers

Ewolucja samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce w latach 1989-1998

In the present article focuses on showing the transformation of local government in Poland after 1989. The writing discussed the issues related to the evolution of local government on the ground in the context of the changing political and social reality. Shown are the determinants of the transformation of local government, were also presented new legal conditions and their impact on the evolution of the local administration. Particular attention was paid to the reform of the administration in 1998 and its impact on the shape of the current administration

An artificial regeneration system for establishing northern red oak on dry-mesic sites in the Lake States, USA

Artificial regeneration of northern red oak is difficult to achieve in the Lake States, USA. A replicated study was established in northern Wisconsin in 1990 to determine the effect of overstory density and understory competition on the performance of bareroot and containerized northern red oak seedlings on dry-mesic sites. The relationship between seedling performance and the number of first-order lateral roots on the seedlings was also tested. Seedling performance was evaluated under 3 overstory densities (each 0.3 ha) — a clearcut, 25%, and 50% crown covers in combination with (and without) understory vegetation control with herbicide. Height growth was greater for containerized seedlings than bareroot stock after 2 and 3 growing seasons. After 2 yr seedling growth was greatest in the sprayed clearcut plots, but was only slightly greater than the unsprayed plots under the 25% crown cover (bareroot 25.5 vs 23.8 cm, and containerized 33.0 vs 31.2 cm, respectively). After 3 yr seedling height growth was significantly greater in the unsprayed plots under the 25% crown cover for both the bareroot and containerized seedlings when compared to all other overstory/understory treatment combinations examined in the study. Early performance results suggest that the light shelterwood silvicultural method (ie 25% crown cover) without chemical control of vegetation is preferred for establishing northern red oak on dry-mesic sites, when compared to the more traditional management schemes.Une technique de régénération artificielle pour l'installation du chêne rouge dans les stations sèches de la région des lacs (États-Unis). La régénération artificielle du chêne rouge est difficile à réaliser dans la région des lacs (États-Unis). Une expérimentation a été mise en place en 1990 dans le Nord Wisconsin, afin de déterminer les effets de la densité du couvert et de la compétition du sous-étage sur les performances de plants de chêne rouge (à racines nues ou en containers) plantés dans des stations sèches. Les relations entre les performances des plants et le nombre de leurs racines latérales d'ordre 1 ont aussi été étudiées. Les performances des plants furent évaluées sous 3 densités de couvert : 0%, 25% et 50% (placettes de 0,3 ha) en combinaison avec (ou sans) un sous-étage contrôlé par herbicide. Après 2 et 3 saisons de végétation, la croissance en hauteur des plants a été supérieure pour les plants en containers par rapport à ceux à racines nues. Après 2 ans, la croissance des plants était supérieure dans les placeaux coupés à blanc et traités par herbicides, mais seulement un peu plus élevée que dans les traitements non contrôlés par herbicides avec un couvert de 25% (plants à racines nues 25,5 et 23,8 cm, plants en containers 33,0 et 31,2 cm, respectivement). Après 3 ans, sous un couvert de 25% (avec ou sans sous-étage), la croissance en hauteur des plants était significativement plus élevée dans les traitements sans herbicides pour les plants à racines nues comme pour ceux élevés en containers, par rapport à l'ensemble des autres traitements sous couvert de cette étude. Les résultats initiaux laissent à penser qu'une méthode de sylviculture par abris légers (25% de couvert) et sans contrôle chimique de la végétation est préférable pour l'introduction du chêne rouge sur les stations sèches, par rapport aux méthodes plus traditionnelles des aménagements sylvicoles

Leaf and canopy conductance in aspen and aspen-birch forests under free-air enrichment of carbon dioxide and ozone

Increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and tropospheric ozone (O3) have the potential to affect tree physiology and structure, and hence forest feedbacks on climate. Here, we investigated how elevated concentrations of CO2, alone and in combination, affected conductance for mass transfer at the leaf and canopy levels in pure aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and in mixed aspen and birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) forests in the free-air CO2–O3 enrichment experiment near Rhinelander, Wisconsin (Aspen FACE). The study was conducted during two growing seasons, when steady-state leaf area index (L) had been reached after > 6 years of exposure to CO2- and O3-enrichment treatments. Canopy conductance (gc) was estimated from stand sap flux, while leaf-level conductance of sun leaves in the upper canopy was derived by three different and independent methods: sap flux and L in combination with vertical canopy modelling, leaf 13C discrimination methodology in combination with photosynthesis modelling and leaf-level gas exchange. Regardless of the method used, the mean values of leaflevel conductance were higher in trees growing under elevated CO2 and/or O3 than in trees growing in control plots, causing a CO2 · O3 interaction that was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.10) for sap flux- and (for birch) 13C-derived leaf conductance. Canopy conductance was significantly increased by elevated CO2 but not significantly affected by elevated O3. Investigation of a shortterm gap in CO2 enrichment demonstrated a +10% effect of transient exposure of elevated CO2-grown trees to ambient CO2 on gc. All treatment effects were similar in pure aspen and mixed aspen-birch communities. These results demonstrate that short-term primary stomatal closure responses to elevated CO2 and O3 were complete offset by long-term cumulative effects of these trace gases on tree and stand structure in determining canopy- and leaf-level conductance in pure aspen and mixed aspenbirch forests. Our results, together with the findings from other long-term FACE experiments with trees, suggest that model assumptions of large reductions in stomatal conductance under rising atmospheric CO2 are very uncertain for forests

Sap flux in pure aspen and mixed aspen-birch forests exposed to elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide and ozone

Elevated concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide ([CO2]) and tropospheric ozone ([O3]) have the potential to affect tree physiology and structure and hence forest water use, which has implications for climate feedbacks. We investigated how a 40% increase above ambient values in [CO2] and [O3], alone and in combination, affect tree water use of pure aspen and mixed aspen-birch forests in the free air CO 2-O3 enrichment experiment near Rhinelander, Wisconsin (Aspen FACE). Measurements of sap flux and canopy leaf area index (L) were made during two growing seasons, when steady-state L had been reached after more than 6 years of ex-posure to elevated [CO2] and [O3]. Maximum stand-level sap flux was not significantly affected by elevated [O3], but was increased by 18% by elevated [CO2] averaged across years, communities and O3 regimes. Treatment effects were similar in pure aspen and mixed aspen-birch communities. Increased tree water use in response to elevated [CO2] was related to positive CO2 treatment effects on tree size and L (+40%). Tree water use was not reduced by elevated [O3] despite strong negative O3 treatment effects on tree size and L (-22%). Elevated [O3] predisposed pure aspen stands to drought-induced sap flux reductions, whereas increased tree water use in response to elevated [CO2] did not result in lower soil water content in the upper soil or decreasing sap flux relative to control values during dry periods. Maintenance of soil water content in the upper soil in the elevated [CO2] treatment was at least partly a function of enhanced soil water-holding capacity, probably a result of increased organic matter content from increased litter inputs. Our findings that larger trees growing in elevated [CO2] used more water and that tree size, but not maximal water use, was negatively affected by elevated [O3] suggest that the long-term cumulative effects on stand structure may be more important than the expected primary stomatal closure responses to elevated [CO2] and [O 3] in determining stand-level water use under possible future atmospheric conditions. © 2008 Heron Publishing

Sap flux in pure aspen and mixed aspen-birch forests exposed to elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide and ozone

Elevated concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide ([CO2]) and tropospheric ozone ([O3]) have the potential to affect tree physiology and structure and hence forest water use, which has implications for climate feedbacks. We investigated how a 40% increase above ambient values in [CO2] and [O3], alone and in combination, affect tree water use of pure aspen and mixed aspen–birch forests in the free air CO2–3 enrichment experiment near Rhinelander, Wisconsin (Aspen FACE). Measurements of sap flux and canopy leaf area index (L) were made during two growing seasons, when steady-state L had been reached after more than 6 years of exposure to elevated [CO2] and [O3]. Maximum stand-level sap flux was not significantly affected by elevated [O3], but was increased by 18% by elevated [CO2] averaged across years, communities and O3 regimes. Treatment effects were similar in pure aspen and mixed aspen–birch communities. Increased tree water use in response to elevated [CO2] was related to positive CO2 treatment effects on tree size and L (+40%). Tree water use was not reduced by elevated [O3] despite strong negative O3 treatment effects on tree size and L (–22%). Elevated [O3] predisposed pure aspen stands to drought-induced sap flux reductions, whereas increased tree water use in response to elevated [CO2] did not result in lower soil water content in the upper soil or decreasing sap flux relative to control values during dry periods. Maintenance of soil water content in the upper soil in the elevated [CO2] treatment was at least partly a function of enhanced soil water-holding capacity, probably a result of increased organic matter content from increased litter inputs. Our findings that larger trees growing in elevated [CO2] used more water and that tree size, but not maximal water use, was negatively affected by elevated [O3] suggest that the long-term cumulative effects on stand structure may be more important than the expected primary stomatal closure responses to elevated [CO2] and [O3] in determining stand-level water use under possible future atmospheric conditions