Dependent Types for Nominal Terms with Atom Substitutions

Nominal terms are an extended first-order language for specifying and verifying properties of syntax with binding. Founded upon the semantics of nominal sets, the success of nominal terms with regard to systems of equational reasoning is already well established. This work first extends the untyped language of nominal terms with a notion of non-capturing atom substitution for object-level names and then proposes a dependent type system for this extended language. Both these contributions are intended to serve as a prelude to a future nominal logical framework based upon nominal equational reasoning and thus an extended example is given to demonstrate that this system is capable of encoding various other formal systems of interest

Impactos Socio-Econômico-Ambientais da Coleta Seletiva no Município de Foz Do Iguaçu

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso apresentado ao Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza, da Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Bacharel em Ciências Biológicas. Orientadora: Prof. Luciana Mello RibeiroA grande geração de resíduos a nível mundial representa um dos maiores problemas da atualidade. Neste contexto, a coleta seletiva surge como uma ferramenta para atenuar este problema. Com uma boa gestão, a coleta seletiva tem a capacidade de gerar grandes impactos nos âmbitos social, econômico e ambiental. Por exemplo, através da separação e coleta de materiais recicláveis (plástico, metal, vidro e papel), se faz possível o reaproveitamento dos mesmos, gerando benefícios para o meio ambiente, de forma que há uma diminuição na necessidade de utilização de matérias primas e na emissão de gases de efeito estufa. Também, ao reduzir a quantidade de materiais destinados aos aterros sanitários, aumenta a sua vida útil além de gerar uma economia com os custos de operação. Ao mesmo tempo a comercialização destes materiais traz benefícios económicos e sociais para as cooperativas de catadores de materiais recicláveis e para os municípios como um todo. Sendo assim, o objetivo de este trabalho foi o de gerar dados sobre os impactos gerado pelo Programa de Coleta Seletiva de Foz do Iguaçu, ressaltando a importância deste tipo de programa, permitindo identificar suas deficiências, estabelecer metas e estudar cenários futuros. Mediante o estudo do Benefício Social Líquido do Reaproveitamento (Motta, 2006) foi possível estimar um ganho médio pro município de entre R$995-1092 por cada tonelada de material recolhido pela coleta seletiva. Também foi possível estimar em mais de R$ 80.000 os benefícios ambientais gerados no primeiro ano de funcionamento da Coleta SeletivaLa gran generación de residuos en todo el mundo representa uno de los mayores problemas de nuestro tiempo. En este contexto, la recolección selectiva surge como una herramienta para mitigar este problema. Con una buena gestión, la recolección selectiva tiene la capacidad de generar grandes impactos en los ámbitos social, económico y ambiental. Por ejemplo, a través de la separación y recolección de materiales reciclables (plástico, metal, vidrio y papel), es posible reutilizarlos, generando beneficios para el medio ambiente, de manera que se reduce la necesidad de utilizar materias primas y la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero. Además, al reducir la cantidad de materiales destinados a los vertederos sanitarios, aumenta su vida útil y genera ahorros en los costos de operación. Al mismo tiempo, la comercialización de estos materiales aporta beneficios económicos y sociales a las cooperativas de recolectores de materiales reciclables y a los municipios como un todo. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo fue generar datos sobre los impactos generados por el Programa de Recolección Selectiva de Foz do Iguaçu, destacando la importancia de este tipo de programas, permitiendo identificar sus deficiencias, fijar metas y estudiar escenarios futuros. A través del estudio del Beneficio Social Neto de la Reutilización (Motta, 2006) fue posible estimar una ganancia promedio para el municipio de entre R$995-1092 por cada tonelada de material recolectado a través de la recolección selectiva. También fue posible estimar los beneficios ambientales generados en el primer año de operación de la Colecta Selectiva en más de R$ 80.000The great generation of waste all over the world represents one of the greatest problems of our time. In this context, selective collection emerges as a tool to mitigate this problem. With good management, selective collection has the capacity to generate great social, economic and environmental impacts. For example, through the separation and collection of recyclable materials (plastic, metal, glass and paper), it is possible to reuse them, generating benefits for the environment, thus reducing the need to use raw materials and the emission of greenhouse gases. In addition, reducing the amount of materials going to sanitary landfills increases their lifespan and generates savings in operating costs. At the same time, the marketing of these materials brings economic and social benefits to cooperatives of recyclable material collectors and municipalities as a whole. Thus, the objective of this work was to generate data on the impacts generated by the Selective Collection Program of Foz do Iguaçu, highlighting the importance of this type of programs, allowing to identify their deficiencies, set goals and study future scenarios. Through the study of the Net Social Benefit of Reuse (Motta, 2006) it was possible to estimate an average gain for the municipality of between R$995-1092 for each ton of material collected through selective collection. It was also possible to estimate the environmental benefits generated in the first year of operation of Selective Collection at over R$ 80,00

Experiment with a type-theoretic approach to the verification of model transformations

"This paper presents ongoing work on the application of constructive type theory for safe development in Model-Driven Engineering. In particular, we put into practice a certification framework based on the Calculus of Inductive Constructions (CIC) as follows: we first describe methods for representing metamodels and specifications of model transformations as types and then outline principles for representing given transformations, written in a certain transformation language, as functions in CIC. Then properties of these functions are proven, including their correctness with respect to sufficiently expressive specifications, thereby providing a semiformal way to verify the original transformations. We carry out a concrete case taken from an on-line base of basic examples and patterns of use of the ATL transformation language, implementing it on machine using the Coq proof assistant." [Abstract

A type-theoretic framework for certified model transformations

"We present a framework based on the Calculus of Inductive Constructions (CIC) and its associated tool the Coq proof assistant to allow certification of model transformations in the context of Model-Driven Engineering (MDE). The approached is based on a semi-automatic translation process from metamodels, models and transformations of the MDE technical space into types, propositions and functions of the CIC technical space. We describe this translation and illustrate its use in a standard case study." [Abstract

Alpha-Structural Induction and Recursion for the Lambda Calculus in Constructive Type Theory

We formulate principles of induction and recursion for a variant of lambda calculus in its original syntax (i.e., with only one sort of names) where alpha-conversion is based upon name swapping as in nominal abstract syntax. The principles allow to work modulo alpha-conversion and implement the Barendregt variable convention. We derive them all from the simple structural induction principle on concrete terms and work out applications to some fundamental meta-theoretical results, such as the substitution lemma for alpha-conversion and the lemma on substitution composition. The whole work is implemented in Agda

Systematic literatura review of PSP adaptations

In this report we present a systematic review of existing literature about PSP adaptations. In particular, we are interested in getting to know those adaptations that propose to incorporate the use of Formal Methods. Section 1 presents general concepts about systematic reviews. Section 2 presents the specific systematic review carried out. iv

Representation of metamodels using inductive types in a type-theoretic framework for MDE

We present discussions on how to apply a type-theoretic framework composed out by the Calculus of Inductive Constructions and its associated tool the Coq proof assistant to the formal treatment of model transformations in the context of Model-Driven Engineering. We start by studying how to represent models and metamodels in the mentioned theory, which leads us to a formalization in which a metamodel is a collection of mutually defined inductive types representing its various classes and associations. This representation has been put into use for carrying out and verifying on machine the well-known case study of the Class to Relational model transformation. We finally end up discussing ways in which the framework can be used to obtain provably correct model transformations

Release of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Poultry Litter Amended with Acidified Biochar

Application of poultry litter (PL) to soil may lead to nitrogen (N) losses through ammonia (NH3) volatilization and to potential contamination of surface runoff with PL-derived phosphorus (P). Amending litter with acidified biochar may minimize these problems by decreasing litter pH and by retaining litter-derived P, respectively. This study evaluated the effect of acidified biochars from pine chips (PC) and peanut hulls (PH) on NH3 losses and inorganic N and P released from surface-applied or incorporated PL. Poultry litter with or without acidified biochars was surface-applied or incorporated into the soil and incubated for 21 d. Volatilized NH3 was determined by trapping it in acid. Inorganic N and P were determined by leaching the soil with 0.01 M of CaCl2 during the study and by extracting it with 1 M KCl after incubation. Acidified biochars reduced NH3 losses by 58 to 63% with surface-applied PL, and by 56 to 60% with incorporated PL. Except for PH biochar, which caused a small increase in leached NH4 +-N with incorporated PL, acidified biochars had no effect on leached or KCl-extractable inorganic N and P from surface-applied or incorporated PL. These results suggest that acidified biochars may decrease NH3 losses from PL but may not reduce the potential for P loss in surface runoff from soils receiving PL