Cells and Space : how prison inmates construct their individual space of freedom

Ausgangspunkt unserer Forschung ist das Macht- und Spannungsverhältnis zwischen der Institution Gefängnis einerseits und dem inhaftierten Individuum andererseits. In Anlehnung an den Philosophen Michel Foucault verstehen wir Gefängnis als Institution, die die Insassen permanent überwacht, kontrolliert und diszipliniert. Uns interessiert, wie das inhaftierte Individuum mit den Einschränkungen im reglementierten Haftalltag konkret umgeht. Eine erste These lautet, dass der Gefangene auf diesen Autonomieverlust mit der Herstellung individueller Freiräume reagiert. Die Konstruktionsprozesse solcher Freiräume sind gemäß der Cultural Studies als bedeutungsstiftende, kulturelle Praktiken im Alltag zu lesen. Diese können materieller sowie symbolischer Art sein und werden durch aktives Handeln individuell und kreativ in einem Geflecht aus Raum, Zeit und körperlichem Einsatz in Form von Artefakten, Ritualen und Gestaltungsformen verschiedener Art konstruiert. Im Zentrum unserer Forschung steht der bewohnte Haftraum, der mehrere Lebensbereiche vereint und durch die Insassen ausschließlich in einem von der Justizvollzugsanstalt vorgegebenen Rahmen ausgestaltet werden darf. Es stellen sich folgende Fragen: Welche legalen Freiräume werden in Hafträumen von den Gefangenen konstruiert, was wird individuell entwickelt und gebastelt? Wie werden die erzeugten Freiräume von dem Individuum erlebt? Welche Bedeutungen können die Insassen aus diesen Freiräumen gewinnen? Unser methodisch-empirischer Zugriff ist die Photo-Elicitation: Zwei Gefangene der Justizvollzugsanstalt Attendorn haben sich für fotobasierte Interviews bereit erklärt. Bei diesem Vorgehen fotografieren wir in einem ersten Schritt die Zellen der partizipierenden Insassen mit dem Fokus auf die sichtbaren bzw. dokumentierbaren, individuell geschaffenen Freiräume. Die in dem darauf folgenden Schritt angesetzten Interviews werden auf Grundlage eines Leitfadens geführt, der neben festgelegten Fragen ausreichend Raum für freie und spontane Assoziationen bietet. Als Stimulus für die Befragungen dienen die von uns aufgenommenen Fotografien, die in der Justizvollzugsanstalt angefertigt wurden. Das daraus gewonnene Datenmaterial wird qualitativ unter Einbezug des Raumbegriffs der Soziologin Martina Löw ausgewertet. Ziel der Forschung ist eine kulturwissenschaftliche Analyse der individuell erzeugten Freiräume der Gefangenen hinsichtlich ihrer Bedeutungen sowie deren zugrunde liegenden Konstruktionspraktiken im Alltag.Our research deals with the phenomena of restrictions in the penal system in relation to the development of one's personality on different levels: Space, Time, and Body in Everyday Life. The clash between the supervising institution and the individual necessities of a prisoner's life provokes a tension. Our project aims to find out how prisoners create their individual spaces of freedom with regard to this tension. It questions concretely what kind of legal spaces prisoners construct and how they experience these spaces of freedom. Drawing on a voluntary project, we want to interview two detainees by using photos taken of their cells. The interviews will be evaluated by a qualitative analysis. Furthermore we concentrate on the history of prison cells and their different representations

Wavelength-Gated Photochemical Synthesis of Phenalene Diimides

Herein, we pioneer a wavelength‐gated synthesis route to phenalene diimides. Consecutive Diels–Alder reactions of methylisophthalaldehydes and maleimides afford hexahydro‐phenalene‐1,6‐diol diimides via 5‐formyl‐hexahydro‐benzo[f]isoindoles as the intermediate. Both photoreactions are efficient (82–99 % yield) and exhibit excellent diastereoselectivity (62–98 % d.r.). The wavelength‐gated nature of the stepwise reaction enables the modular construction of phenalene diimide scaffolds by choice of substrate and wavelength. Importantly, this synthetic methodology opens a facile avenue to a new class of persistent phenalenyl diimide neutral radicals, constituting a versatile route to spin‐active molecules

Risk of serious adverse effects of biological and targeted drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES: To determine possible differences in serious adverse effects among the 10 currently approved biological and targeted synthetic DMARDs (b/ts-DMARDs) for RA.METHODS: Systematic review in bibliographic databases, trial registries and websites of regulatory agencies identified randomized trials of approved b/ts-DMARDs for RA. Network meta-analyses using mixed-effects Poisson regression models were conducted to calculate rate ratios for serious adverse events (SAEs) and deaths between each of the 10 drugs and control (i.e. no b/ts-DMARD treatment), based on subjects experiencing an event in relation to person-years. Confidence in the estimates was assessed by applying the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach (GRADE).RESULTS: A total of 117 trials (47 615 patients) were included. SAEs were more common with certolizumab compared with abatacept (rate ratio = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.14), adalimumab (1.36, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.81), etanercept (1.60, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.17), golimumab (1.45, 95% CI: 1.00, 2.08), rituximab (1.63, 95% CI: 1.16, 2.30), tofacitinib (1.44, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.02) and control (1.45, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.87); and tocilizumab compared with abatacept (1.30, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.65), etanercept (1.31, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.67) and rituximab (1.34, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.78). No other comparisons were statistically significant. Accounting for study duration confirmed our findings for up to 6 months' treatment but not for longer-term treatment (6-24 months). No differences in mortality between b/ts-DMARDs and control were found. Based on the GRADE approach, confidence in the estimates was low due to lack of head-to-head comparison trials and imprecision in indirect estimates.CONCLUSION: Despite low confidence in the estimates, our analysis found potential differences in rates of SAEs. Our data suggest caution should be taken when deciding among available drugs. OBJECTIVES: To determine possible differences in serious adverse effects among the 10 currently approved biological and targeted synthetic DMARDs (b/ts-DMARDs) for RA.METHODS: Systematic review in bibliographic databases, trial registries and websites of regulatory agencies identified randomized trials of approved b/ts-DMARDs for RA. Network meta-analyses using mixed-effects Poisson regression models were conducted to calculate rate ratios for serious adverse events (SAEs) and deaths between each of the 10 drugs and control (i.e. no b/ts-DMARD treatment), based on subjects experiencing an event in relation to person-years. Confidence in the estimates was assessed by applying the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach (GRADE).RESULTS: A total of 117 trials (47 615 patients) were included. SAEs were more common with certolizumab compared with abatacept (rate ratio = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.14), adalimumab (1.36, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.81), etanercept (1.60, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.17), golimumab (1.45, 95% CI: 1.00, 2.08), rituximab (1.63, 95% CI: 1.16, 2.30), tofacitinib (1.44, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.02) and control (1.45, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.87); and tocilizumab compared with abatacept (1.30, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.65), etanercept (1.31, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.67) and rituximab (1.34, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.78). No other comparisons were statistically significant. Accounting for study duration confirmed our findings for up to 6 months' treatment but not for longer-term treatment (6-24 months). No differences in mortality between b/ts-DMARDs and control were found. Based on the GRADE approach, confidence in the estimates was low due to lack of head-to-head comparison trials and imprecision in indirect estimates.CONCLUSION: Despite low confidence in the estimates, our analysis found potential differences in rates of SAEs. Our data suggest caution should be taken when deciding among available drugs.SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42014014842

Two years COVID-19 pandemic: Development of university students' mental health 2020–2022

BackgroundThe literature indicates a negative impact on the mental health of university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. It remains unclear if this negative impact persists even after lockdown measures are lifted. The current study therefore investigates the mental health status of students by drawing on two previous studies the present study seeks to investigate differences in the mental health status across three time points.MethodsA cross-sectional, anonymous online survey among students of six universities was conducted between April and May 2022 (N = 5,510). Symptoms of depression, anxiety, hazardous alcohol use and eating disorders as well as social and emotional variables were assessed utilizing standardized instruments. Risk- and protective factors for severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms were investigated using multiple regression models. Differences in e.g., symptoms of depression across three time points were assessed with one-way analysis of variance.ResultsMore than one third of students exhibited clinically relevant symptoms of depression (35.5%), hazardous alcohol use (33.0–35.5% depending on gender) or anxiety disorder (31.1%). Taken together, almost two out of three (61.4%) students reported clinically relevant symptoms in at least one of the aforementioned symptom patterns, while almost one fifth of students reported suicidal ideation or thoughts of self-harm (19.6%). Higher perceived stress and loneliness significantly predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms, while resilience and social support were identified as protective factors. Compared to 2020 and 2021, levels of depressive symptoms were significantly reduced in 2022, levels of hazardous alcohol consumption showed a small but significant increase from 2021 to 2022. Worryingly, prevalence of suicidal ideation was the highest yet, being significantly higher than in 2020 (14.5%) and 2021 (16.5%).ConclusionThese results confirm previous results that the pandemic had and still has a negative impact on the mental health of university students. The present study broadens this view by the fact that some areas seem to recover quicker, while others seem to increase worryingly. Especially the persistent rise in suicidal ideation from 2020 to 2021 and to 2022, a constant reduction in reported social support and associated perceived loneliness is concerning. The claim for low-threshold and accessible mental health support for university students remains the same as in the beginning of the pandemic

Diagnostic Yield of Genetic Testing in Young Patients With Atrioventricular Block of Unknown Cause

BACKGROUND: The cause of atrioventricular block (AVB) remains unknown in approximately half of young patients with the diagnosis. Although variants in several genes associated with cardiac conduction diseases have been identified, the contribution of genetic variants in younger patients with AVB is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using the Danish Pacemaker and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) Registry, we identified all patients younger than 50 years receiving a pacemaker because of AVB in Denmark in the period from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 2015. From medical records, we identified patients with unknown cause of AVB at time of pacemaker implantation. These patients were invited to a genetic screening using a panel of 102 genes associated with inherited cardiac diseases. We identified 471 living patients with AVB of unknown cause, of whom 226 (48%) accepted participation. Median age at the time of pacemaker implantation was 39 years (interquartile range, 32–45 years), and 123 (54%) were men. We found pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in genes associated with or possibly associated with AVB in 12 patients (5%). Most variants were found in the LMNA gene (n=5). LMNA variant carriers all had a family history of either AVB and/or sudden cardiac death. CONCLUSIONS: In young patients with AVB of unknown cause, we found a possible genetic cause in 1 out of 20 participating patients. Variants in the LMNA gene were most common and associated with a family history of AVB and/or sudden cardiac death, suggesting that genetic testing should be a part of the diagnostic workup in these patients to stratify risk and screen family members

Brazilian cave heritage under siege

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

1919 – 2019: Was weiß die Friedensforschung über die Kunst, Kriege zu beenden? : Ein Gespräch mit Lothar Brock

Gleich zwei Anlässe bestehen für unser Gespräch mit dem Politikwissenschaftler Prof. Dr. Lothar Brock (Jg. 1939) über die „Kunst, Kriege zu beenden“: ein weltordnungspolitischer Anlass mit dem 100-jährigen Jahrestag des Beginns der Pariser Friedenskonferenz – und ein biografischer Anlass unseres Gesprächspartners. Am 30. Januar 2019 feierte Lothar Brock, der an der Goethe-Universität zunächst seit 1992 als Professor und seit 2004 als Senior-Professor lehrt, seinen 80. Geburtstag. Überlegungen zu Krieg und Frieden in Geschichte und Gegenwart

Effects of climate change on pup growth and survival in a cooperative mammal, the meerkat

Please read abstract in the article.The European Research Council [Research Grant Nos 294494 and 742808 to T.H. Clutton‐Brock since 1/7/2012] and the University Research Office and the Brain Function Research Group of the University of the Witwatersrand.http://wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/fec2021-01-01hj2019Mammal Research Institut