Vacuolating cytotoxin and variants in Atg16L1 that disrupt autophagy promote Helicobacter pylori infection in humans

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Primary omental Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)

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Autophagy requires endoplasmic reticulum targeting of the PI3-kinase complex via Atg14L

Generation of PI3P in the normally PI3P-deficient ER membrane makes the organelle a platform for autophagosome formation

Correlation between Chemical and Electrical Properties of n-InGaP Surfaces Grown by MOVPE

Correlation between chemical and electrical properties of n-InGaP surfaces grown by metal-organic chemical vapor epitaxy (MOVPE) was investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), current-voltage (I-V) and UHV contactless capacitance-voltage (C-V) methods. An air-exposed surface exhibited highly In-rich phase where the InPO 4 -like natural oxide was dominant. Poor I-V characteristics appeared in Schottky contacts fabricated on the air-exposed surfaces. Chemical treatments in HCl and HF solutions were found to be effective in reducing natural oxide and in recovering the surface stoichiometry. The UHV contactless C-V results showed no pronounced Fermi level pinning at the chemically treated InGaP surfaces. Furthermore, such treatments improved Schottky I-V properties

Natural oxides on air-exposed and chemically treated InGaP surfaces grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy

Chemical properties of natural oxides on air-exposed and chemically treated In0.49Ga0.51P surfaces grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy were systematically investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. An air-exposed sample exhibited a highly In-rich surface which included a large amount of natural oxides. From the valence-band spectra and energy separations between core levels, it was found that the InPO4-like chemical phase was dominant in natural oxides of air-exposed InGaP surfaces. Chemical surface treatments in HCl and HF solutions were effective in reducing natural oxide and in recovering the surface stoichiometry

Autophagy and autophagy-related proteins in the immune system

Autophagy is an intracellular bulk degradation system that is highly conserved in eukaryotes. The discovery of autophagy-related ('ATG') proteins in the 1990s greatly advanced the mechanistic understanding of autophagy and clarified the fact that autophagy serves important roles in various biological processes. In addition, studies have revealed other roles for the autophagic machinery beyond autophagy. In this Review, we introduce advances in the knowledge of the roles of autophagy and its components in immunity, including innate immunity, inflammatory responses and adaptive immunity