Determination of dry matter digestibility in “sagüis de tufo preto” (Callithrix penicilatta) and “macacos-prego” (Cebus apella)

Foi determinado o Coeficiente de Digestibilidade Aparente da Matéria Seca, em rações para animais silvestres. Foram utilizados 16 animais, oito (8) sagüis de tufo preto (Callithrix penicilatta) e oito (8) macacos-prego (Cebus apella). Os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas de digestibilidade e receberam a ração básica durante 10 dias. Após o período inicial, as amostras de fezes foram colhidas durante 5 dias para posterior análise. Os Coeficientes de Digestibilidade para o Callithrix estiveram entre 84,9 e 97,7%, enquanto para o Cebus oscilaram entre 75,4 e 86,2%. A pesquisa concluiu que as rações utilizadas foram muito bem aproveitadas pelos animais.Applicability of the total collection of faeces, for determination of apparent digestibility of dry matter, was studied in nonhuman primates - Callithrix penicilatta eight (8) and Cebus apella eight (8). Animals were maintained in individual boxes where they received the ration for ten days. All of the feed offered and any refused was weighed and recorded. After an initial period, the samples of the faeces were collected for five days and analyzed. The apparent digestibility coefficient varied from 84.9 to 97.7% for C. penicilatta and from 75.4 to 86.2% for C. apella. The research concluded that the tested rations conveniently fed the animals

Expert range maps of global mammal distributions harmonised to three taxonomic authorities

AimComprehensive, global information on species' occurrences is an essential biodiversity variable and central to a range of applications in ecology, evolution, biogeography and conservation. Expert range maps often represent a species' only available distributional information and play an increasing role in conservation assessments and macroecology. We provide global range maps for the native ranges of all extant mammal species harmonised to the taxonomy of the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD) mobilised from two sources, the Handbook of the Mammals of the World (HMW) and the Illustrated Checklist of the Mammals of the World (CMW).LocationGlobal.TaxonAll extant mammal species.MethodsRange maps were digitally interpreted, georeferenced, error-checked and subsequently taxonomically aligned between the HMW (6253 species), the CMW (6431 species) and the MDD taxonomies (6362 species).ResultsRange maps can be evaluated and visualised in an online map browser at Map of Life (mol.org) and accessed for individual or batch download for non-commercial use.Main conclusionExpert maps of species' global distributions are limited in their spatial detail and temporal specificity, but form a useful basis for broad-scale characterizations and model-based integration with other data. We provide georeferenced range maps for the native ranges of all extant mammal species as shapefiles, with species-level metadata and source information packaged together in geodatabase format. Across the three taxonomic sources our maps entail, there are 1784 taxonomic name differences compared to the maps currently available on the IUCN Red List website. The expert maps provided here are harmonised to the MDD taxonomic authority and linked to a community of online tools that will enable transparent future updates and version control

Factors influencing terrestriality in primates of the Americas and Madagascar

Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the taxa are arboreal, semiterrestrial, or terrestrial. Although habitual terrestriality is pervasive among the apes and African and Asian monkeys (catarrhines), it is largely absent among monkeys of the Americas (platyrrhines), as well as galagos, lemurs, and lorises (strepsirrhines), which are mostly arboreal. Numerous ecological drivers and species-specific factors are suggested to set the conditions for an evolutionary shift from arboreality to terrestriality, and current environmental conditions may provide analogous scenarios to those transitional periods. Therefore, we investigated predominantly arboreal, diurnal primate genera from the Americas and Madagascar that lack fully terrestrial taxa, to determine whether ecological drivers (habitat canopy cover, predation risk, maximum temperature, precipitation, primate species richness, human population density, and distance to roads) or species-specific traits (body mass, group size, and degree of frugivory) associate with increased terrestriality. We collated 150,961 observation hours across 2,227 months from 47 species at 20 sites in Madagascar and 48 sites in the Americas. Multiple factors were associated with ground use in these otherwise arboreal species, including increased temperature, a decrease in canopy cover, a dietary shift away from frugivory, and larger group size. These factors mostly explain intraspecific differences in terrestriality. As humanity modifies habitats and causes climate change, our results suggest that species already inhabiting hot, sparsely canopied sites, and exhibiting more generalized diets, are more likely to shift toward greater ground use

Determination of dry matter digestibility in “sagüis de tufo preto” (Callithrix penicilatta) and “macacos-prego” (Cebus apella)

Applicability of the total collection of faeces, for determination of apparent digestibility of dry matter, was studied in nonhuman primates - Callithrix penicilatta eight (8) and Cebus apella eight (8). Animals were maintained in individual boxes where they received the ration for ten days. All of the feed offered and any refused was weighed and recorded. After an initial period, the samples of the faeces were collected for five days and analyzed. The apparent digestibility coefficient varied from 84.9 to 97.7% for C. penicilatta and from 75.4 to 86.2% for C. apella. The research concluded that the tested rations conveniently fed the animals

Primates facing climate crisis in a tropical forest hotspot will lose climatic suitable geographical range

Abstract Global climate changes affect biodiversity and cause species distribution shifts, contractions, and expansions. Climate change and disease are emerging threats to primates, and approximately one-quarter of primates’ ranges have temperatures over historical ones. How will climate changes influence Atlantic Forest primate ranges? We used habitat suitability models and measured potential changes in area and distributions shifts. Climate change expected in 2100 may change the distribution area of Atlantic Forest primates. Fourteen species (74%) are predicted to lose more than 50% of their distribution, and nine species (47%) are predicted to lose more than 75% of their distribution. The balance was negative, indicating a potential future loss, and the strength of the reduction in the distribution is related to the severity of climate change (SSP scenarios). Directional shifts were detected to the south. The projected mean centroid latitudinal shift is ~ 51 km to the south for 2100 SSP5-8.5 scenario. The possibility of dispersal will depend on suitable routes and landscape configuration. Greenhouse gas emissions should be urgently reduced. Our results also emphasize that no more forest loss is acceptable in Atlantic Forest, and restoration, canopy bridges, friendly agroecosystems, and monitoring of infrastructure projects are urgent to enable dealing with climate change

Demographic monitoring of wild muriqui populations: Criteria for defining priority areas and monitoring intensity

<div><p>Demographic data are essential to assessments of the status of endangered species. However, establishing an integrated monitoring program to obtain useful data on contemporary and future population trends requires both the identification of priority areas and populations and realistic evaluations of the kinds of data that can be obtained under different monitoring regimes. We analyzed all known populations of a critically endangered primate, the muriqui (genus: <i>Brachyteles</i>) using population size, genetic uniqueness, geographic importance (including potential importance in corridor programs) and implementability scores to define monitoring priorities. Our analyses revealed nine priority populations for the northern muriqui (<i>B</i>. <i>hypoxanthus</i>) and nine for the southern muriqui (<i>B</i>. <i>arachnoides</i>). In addition, we employed knowledge of muriqui developmental and life history characteristics to define the minimum monitoring intensity needed to evaluate demographic trends along a continuum ranging from simple descriptive changes in population size to predictions of population changes derived from individual based life histories. Our study, stimulated by the Brazilian government’s National Action Plan for the Conservation of Muriquis, is fundamental to meeting the conservation goals for this genus, and also provides a model for defining priorities and methods for the implementation of integrated demographic monitoring programs for other endangered and critically endangered species of primates.</p></div

Localities of known muriqui populations.

<p>See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0188922#pone.0188922.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> for names and coordinates of each site. Historical extent of occurrence is from [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0188922#pone.0188922.ref006" target="_blank">6</a>].</p