Report of the 2004 Workshop on In Situ Iron Enrichment Experiments in the Eastern and Western Subarctic Pacific

Foreword 1. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES (pdf, 0.1 Mb) 2. 2004 WORKSHOP SUMMARY (pdf, < 0.1 Mb) 2.1. What have we learned from the enrichment experiments? 2.2 What are the outstanding questions? 2.3 Recommendations for SEEDS-II 3. EXTENDED ABSTRACTS OF THE 2004 WORKSHOP 3.1 Synthesis of the Iron Enrichment Experiments: SEEDS and SERIES (pdf, 0.5 Mb) Iron fertilization experiment in the western subarctic Pacific (SEEDS) by Atsushi Tsuda The response of N and Si to iron enrichment in the Northeast Pacific Ocean: Results from SERIES by David Timothy, C.S. Wong, Yukihiro Nojiri, Frank A. Whitney, W. Keith Johnson and Janet Barwell-Clarke 3.2 Biological and Physiological Responses (pdf, 0.2 Mb) Zooplankton responses during SEEDS by Hiroaki Saito Phytoplankton community response to iron and temperature gradient in the NW and NE subarctic Pacific Ocean by Isao Kudo, Yoshifumi Noiri, Jun Nishioka, Hiroshi Kiyosawa and Atsushi Tsuda SERIES: Copepod grazing on diatoms by Frank A. Whitney, Moira Galbraith, Janet Barwell-Clarke and Akash Sastri The Southern Ocean Iron Enrichment Experiment: The nitrogen uptake response by William P. Cochlan and Raphael M. Kudela 3.3 Biogeochemical Responses (pdf, 0.5 Mb) What have we learned regarding iron biogeochemistry from iron enrichment experiments? by Jun Nishioka, Shigenobu Takeda and W. Keith Johnson Iron dynamics and temporal changes of iron speciation in SERIES by W. Keith Johnson, C.S. Wong, Nes Sutherland and Jun Nishioka Dissolved organic matter dynamics during SEEDS and SERIES experiments by Takeshi Yoshimura and Hiroshi Ogawa Formation of transparent exopolymer particles during the in-situ iron enrichment experiment in the western subarctic Pacific (SEEDS) by Shigenobu Takeda, Neelam Ramaiah, Ken Furuya and Takeshi Yoshimura Atmospheric measurement by Mitsuo Uematsu 3.4 Prediction from Models (pdf, 0.3 Mb) Modelling iron limitation in the North Pacific by Kenneth L. Denman and M. Angelica Peña A proposed model of the SERIES iron fertilization patch by Debby Ianson, Christoph Voelker and Kenneth L. Denman 4. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS FOR THE 2004 WORKSHOP (pdf, < 0.1 Mb) APPENDIX 1 Report of the 2000 Planning Workshop on Designing the Iron Fertilization Experiment in the Subarctic Pacific (pdf, 1 Mb) APPENDIX 2 Terms of Reference for the Advisory Panel on Iron fertilization experiment in the subarctic Pacific Ocean (pdf, < 0.1 Mb) APPENDIX 3 Historical List of Advisory Panel Members on Iron fertilization experiment in the subarctic Pacific Ocean (pdf, < 0.1 Mb) APPENDIX 4 IFEP-AP Annual Reports (pdf, 0.1 Mb) APPENDIX 5 PICES Press Articles (pdf, 0.6 Mb) (194 page document

Behaviors of dissolved and particulate Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb during a mesoscale Fe enrichment experiment (SEEDS II) in the western North Pacific

During mesoscale Fe enrichment (SEEDS II) in the western North Pacific ocean, we investigated dissolved and particulate Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in seawater from both field observation and shipboard bottle incubation of a natural phytoplankton assemblage with Fea ddition. Before the Fe enrichment, strong correlations between dissolved trace metals (Ni, Zn and Cd) and PO43-, and between particulate trace metals (Ni, Zn and Cd) and chlorophyll-a were obtained, suggesting that biogeochemical cycles mainly control the distributions of Ni, Zn and Cd in the study area. Average concentrations of dissolved Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in the surface mixed layer (0–20m) were 70 pM, 4.9, 2.1, 1.6, 0.48 nM and 52 pM, respectively, and those for the particulate species were 1.7 pM, 0.052, 0.094, 0.46, 0.037 nM and 5.2 pM, respectively. After Fe enrichment, chlorophyll-a increased 3 fold (up to 3 mg/L) during developing phases of the bloom (12 days). Mesozooplankton biomass also increased. Particulate Co, Ni, Cu and Cd inside the patch increase in the concentrations, but there were no analytically significant differences between concentrations inside and outside the patch. The bottle incubation with Fe addition (1 nM) showed an increase in chlorophyll-a (8.9 mg/L) and raised the particulate fraction up to 3–45% for all the metals, accompanying changes in Si/P, Zn/P and Cd/P. These results suggest that Fe addition lead to changes in biogeochemical cycling of trace metals. The comparison between the mesoscale Fe enrichment and the bottle incubation experiment suggests that although Fe was a limiting factor for the growth of phytoplankton, the enhanced biomass of mesozooplankton also limited the growth of phytoplankton and the transformation of trace metal speciation during the mesoscale Fe enrichment. Sediment trap data and the elemental ratios taken up by phytoplankton suggest that export loss was another reason that no detectable change in the concentrations of particulate trace metals was observed during the mesoscale Fe enrichment

microRNA-345の過剰発現は、MUC1およびTJP2の発現を抑制することにより、膵管腺癌細胞株の浸潤能に影響を及ぼす

The majority of pancreatic carcinomas are pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC), and the presence of non-invasive pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia or intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, as an associated lesion, is considered important. These microscopic hyperplastic or grossly papillomatous lesions exhibit varying degrees of morphological atypia and may develop into invasive carcinomas. In this study, we investigated whether mucin-1 (MUC1) is involved in the progression of pancreatic carcinoma and examined the mechanisms by which microRNAs regulate MUC1 expression in vitro. In PDAC cell lines, suppression of MUC1 expression reduced cell proliferation and invasion; PDAC cell lines transfected with an miR-345 precursor suppressed the expression of MUC1, and reduced cell proliferation and invasion. Tight junction protein 2 (TJP2), a putative target of miR-345, is regulated by MUC1. The suppression of TJP2 expression reduced cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis. These results suggest that MUC1 and TJP2, the putative target molecules of miR-345, are critical in maintaining the invasive potential of pancreatic carcinoma cells, and regulating their expression may prevent the progression of non-invasive pancreatic intraductal lesions to invasive carcinomas. This study provides new insights for the development of novel molecular targeted therapies for pancreatic carcinomas.博士（医学）・甲第866号・令和5年3月15

Why is Trichodesmium abundant in the Kuroshio?

The genus Trichodesmium is recognized as an abundant and major diazotroph in the Kuroshio, but the reason for this remains unclear. The present study investigated the abundance of Trichodesmium spp. and nitrogen fixation together with concentrations of dissolved iron and phosphate in the Kuroshio and its marginal seas. We performed the observations near the Miyako Islands, which form part of the RyGBRyu Islands, situated along the Kuroshio, since our satellite analysis suggested that material transport could occur from the islands to the Kuroshio. Trichodesmium spp. bloomed (> 20 000 filaments L-1) near the Miyako Islands, abundance was high in the Kuroshio and the Kuroshio bifurcation region of the East China Sea, but was low in the Philippine Sea. The abundance of Trichodesmium spp. was significantly correlated with the total nitrogen fixation activity. The surface concentrations of dissolved iron (0.19-0.89 nM) and phosphate (< 3-36 nM) were similar for all of the study areas, indicating that the nutrient distribution could not explain the spatial differences in Trichodesmium spp. abundance and nitrogen fixation. Numerical particle-tracking experiments simulated the transportation of water around the RyGBRyu Islands to the Kuroshio. Our results indicate that Trichodesmium growing around the RyGBRyu Islands could be advected into the Kuroshio

Inclusión de subproductos de orujo de aceituna en dietas de cerdos de cebo: rendimientos productivos y estudio de la salud intestinal

[ES] Actualmente la carne de cerdo es la carne que más se consume a nivel mundial y se prevé que su producción aumente en los próximos años. Por ello, la industria alimentaria a través de sus subproductos ofrece potenciales materias primas alternativas para alimentación animal, que conllevan una menor carga ambiental. En España existen subproductos, típicamente mediterráneos como los del olivar. El orujo de aceituna es un subproducto de la fabricación del aceite de oliva. Su disponibilidad es bastante elevada durante todo el año, pudiéndose deshidratar, por lo que incrementa su interés para la alimentación animal. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es determinar los efectos de inclusión de orujo de aceituna parcialmente desengrasado en dietas de cerdos de cebo sobre el rendimiento del crecimiento, la salud intestinal y la calidad de la carne. Los ensayos productivos se llevaron a cabo en la unidad experimental de cebo del Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Animal del Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA). En el ensayo productivo se utilizaron 160 animales de 20kg de peso, que fueron distribuidos en 32 corrales de cebo a razón de 5 animales/corral. Posteriormente, a cada corral se le asignó un tratamiento experimental. Durante el periodo experimental se realizaron controles quincenales de peso/animal y consumos por corral. Una vez sacrificados los animales se tomaron medidas de pH, espesor de grasa, color en las canales y se tomaron muestras de grasa subcutánea para su posterior análisis de ácidos grasos. Para el ensayo de la salud intestinal se tomaron muestras de heces de dos animales por corral al azar. Por cada corral se homogeneizaron las dos muestras y se trató como una. Se sembró en los distintos medios de cultivo y posteriormente se procedió a la lectura de las colonias crecidas en cada medio. Para el ensayo de ácidos grasos se utilizó la metodología propuesta por O’Fallon et al., (2007). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los distintos tratamientos en cuanto al rendimiento, la calidad de la canal y los recuentos microbiológicos. El perfil de ácidos grasos tampoco mostró diferencias entre los distintos tratamientos, pero la concentración de AGMI (ácidos grasos monoinsaturados) fue mayor y la de AGP(ácidos grasos poliinsaturados) fue menor en los animales alimentados con un 12% de inclusión de orujo de aceituna. La falta de diferencias en los resultados obtenidos demostró que un 12% de inclusión de orujo de aceituna se puede suministrar a los animales sin ningún efecto negativo sobre los rendimientos, la calidad de la canal, la salud intestinal y que mejora el perfil de AG (ácidos grasos) de la grasa subcutánea.[EN] Pork meat is currently one of the most consumed meats worldwide and its production is expected to increase in the years to come. That is why the food industry offers alternative and potential raw material through its sub-products for the animal feed, which imply lower environmental burden. In Spain there are sub-products typically Mediterranean, such as the ones derived from the olive grove. The olive cake is a sub-product which results from the manufacturing of olive oil. Its availability is quite high during the whole year, but it can be dehydrated, and that is why the animal feed industry’s interest increases. The main objective of this thesis is to determine the effects of the inclusion of partiallydegreased olive cake in diets of fattening pigs on the growth performance, the intestinal health and the meat quality. The productive tests were carried out in the fattening experimental unit of the Animal Research and Technology Centre of the Valencian Institute of Agricultural Research (IVIA). In the productive test 160 animals of 20 kg of weight were used, distributed in 32 fattening farmyards, at a rate of 5 animals per farmyard. During the experimental period, fortnightly controls were carried out, related to weight per animal and consumption per farmyard. Once the animals were sacrificed, several measures were adopted, regarding Ph., fat thickness and carcass color, and also several subcutaneous fat samples were taken in order to further analyze them in terms of fatty acids. For the intestinal health test, stool samples from two animals were taken, chosen randomly per farmyard. These two samples per farmyard were homogenized in order to only work on one, which was sown in the different crops. Subsequently, the settlements grown in each crop were analyzed. For the fatty acids test, the methodology suggested by O’Fallon et al., (2007) was implemented. No relevant differences were found among the different treatments regarding performance, carcass quality and microbiological recounts. The fatty acids profile also showed no differences among the different treatments, but the concentration of MUFAs (monounsaturated fatty acids) was higher and the concentration of polyunsaturated fats was lower in the animal fed with 12% of inclusion in olive cake. The lack of differences in the results obtained proved that 12% of olive cake may be supplied to the animals without risk of having negative effects on performance, carcass quality and intestinal health, and that it even enhance the profile of fatty acids of the subcutaneous fat.Sanchis Esteve, E. (2018). Inclusión de subproductos de orujo de aceituna en dietas de cerdos de cebo: rendimientos productivos y estudio de la salud intestinal. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/114835TFG

ATF6α/β-mediated adjustment of ER chaperone levels is essential for development of the notochord in medaka fish.

ATF6α and ATF6β are membrane-bound transcription factors activated by regulated intramembrane proteolysis in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to induce various ER quality control proteins. ATF6α- and ATF6β single-knockout mice develop normally, but ATF6α/β double knockout causes embryonic lethality, the reason for which is unknown. Here we show in medaka fish that ATF6α is primarily responsible for transcriptional induction of the major ER chaperone BiP and that ATF6α/β double knockout, but not ATF6α- or ATF6β single knockout, causes embryonic lethality, as in mice. Analyses of ER stress reporters reveal that ER stress occurs physiologically during medaka early embryonic development, particularly in the brain, otic vesicle, and notochord, resulting in ATF6α- and ATF6β-mediated induction of BiP, and that knockdown of the α1 chain of type VIII collagen reduces such ER stress. The absence of transcriptional induction of several ER chaperones in ATF6α/β double knockout causes more profound ER stress and impaired notochord development, which is partially rescued by overexpression of BiP. Thus ATF6α/β-mediated adjustment of chaperone levels to increased demands in the ER is essential for development of the notochord, which synthesizes and secretes large amounts of extracellular matrix proteins to serve as the body axis before formation of the vertebra

Widespread Distribution and Expression of Gamma A (UMB), an Uncultured, Diazotrophic, γ-Proteobacterial nifH Phylotype

Marine dinitrogen (N2) fixation studies have focused nearly exclusively on cyanobacterial diazotrophs; however γ-proteobacteria are an abundant component of the marine community and have been largely overlooked until recently. Here we present a phylogenetic analysis of all nifH γ-proteobacterial sequences available in public databases and qPCR data of a γ-proteobacterial phylotype, Gamma A (UMB), obtained during several research cruises. Our analysis revealed a complex diversity of diazotrophic γ-proteobacteria. One phylotype in particular, Gamma A, was described in several traditional and quantitative PCR studies. Though several γ-proteobacterial nifH sequences have been described as laboratory contaminants, Gamma A is part of a large cluster of sequences isolated from marine environments and distantly related to the clade of contaminants. Using a TaqMan probe and primer set, Gamma A nifH DNA abundance and expression were analyzed in nearly 1000 samples collected during 15 cruises to the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The data showed that Gamma A is an active, cosmopolitan diazotroph found throughout oxygenated, oligotrophic waters reaching maximum abundances of 8 × 104 nifH DNA copies l-1 and 5 × 105 nifH transcript copies l-1. Gamma A nifH transcript abundances were on average 3 fold higher than nifH DNA abundances. The widespread distribution and activity of Gamma A indicate that it has potential to be a globally important N2 fixing organism