Hábitos y modos de recepción de la ficción audiovisual y literaria en adolescentes y jóvenes

El fenómeno de la recepción de la ficción audiovisual y literaria en los jóvenes está en constante cambio así como los modos de apropiación de contenidos por parte de estos. Ello implica conocer en profundidad este panorama ya que tiene implicaciones directas en el sistema educativo, especialmente en el modo de abordar la lectura. Los propósitos del estudio radican en conocer las motivaciones principales que acercan a los jóvenes a un tipo y otro de ficción y conocer de qué modo dichos contenidos influyen en su identidad y en la creación de un imaginario colectivo común. Para llevarlo a cabo se ha utilizado la metodología cualitativa, concretamente el estudio de caso facilitar que el investigador se pudiera acercar en profundidad al campo de conocimiento.Se destaca principalmente la tendencia creciente de la industria audiovisual y, cada vez más, la literaria de homogeneizar el tipo de contenidos y el modo de recepción, los distintos intereses que prevalecen en el modo de acceso a un tipo de contenido de ficción u otro y, en consecuencia, al tipo de construcción identitaria que se gesta, y la aparición de un nuevo panorama al que acuden los jóvenes a través de las redes sociales e internet: los youtubers, booktubers y la consolidación de la figura del prosumidor. Una realidad transmediática que, en el caso de la ficción literaria, dista de las metodologías de fomento de lectura que propone el sistema educativo.<br /

Peripheral myopization using a dominant design multifocal contact lens

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to characterize the central and peripheral refraction across the horizontal meridian of the visual fi eld without and with a multifocal dominant design soft contact lens of different add powers (+1.00 D to +4.00 D) in emmetropic eyes. Methods: Twenty right eyes from 20 emmetropic patients (mean spherical equivalent central refraction —0.06 ± 0.54 D) with a mean age of 21.6 ± 2.3 years were fi tted with Proclear Multifocal dominant design (Coopervision, Pleasanton, CA, USA). Lenses had add powers from +1.00 to +4.00 D in 1.00 D steps. The central and peripheral refraction was measured along the horizontal meridian up to 35º of eccentricity in the nasal and temporal retinal area in 5º steps using a open-fi eld autorefractometer. Results: Only the +3.00 and +4.00 D add powers generated a signifi cant change in the peripheral refractive pattern compared to central refraction and compared with the no-lens wearing situation. The average myopic increase with these lenses was —3.00 D and —5.00 (p < 0.001) at the margins of inspected nasal and temporal visual fi eld, respectively. Conclusions: Multifocal dominant design soft contact lenses are able to change the peripheral refractive profi le in emmetropic eyes increasing relative peripheral myopia. Lenses with +3.00 D add power seem to be the best option to create such effect due to signifi cant peripheral myopization.Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la refracción central y periférica a través del meridiano horizontal del campo visual con y sin lente de contacto blanda multifocal de diseño dominante de diferentes adiciones (+1,00 D a +4,00 D) en ojos emétropes. Métodos: Se colocaron lentes multifocales de diseño dominante Proclear (Coopervision, Pleasanton, Estados Unidos) en 20 ojos derechos de 20 pacientes emétropes (media del equivalente esférico de refracción central, —0,06 ± 0,54 D) con una media de edad de 21,6 ± 2,3 años. Las lentes tenían adiciones desde +1,00 hasta +4,00 D en pasos de 1,00 D. Se evaluó la refracción periférica a través del meridiano horizontal hasta 35º de excentricidad en el campo retiniano nasal y temporal en pasos de 5º utilizando un autorrefractómetro de campo abierto. Resultados: Solamente las potencias de +3,00 y +4,00 D produjeron un cambio signifi cativo en el patrón de refracción periférica en comparación con la refracción central y en comparación con la evaluación sin lente. El aumento medio de la miopía con estas lentes fue de —3,00 D y —5,00 (p < 0,001) en los límites de los campos visuales nasal y temporal explorados, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Las lentes de contacto blandas, multifocales y de diseño dominante tienen la capacidad de cambiar el perfi l de refracción periférica en ojos emétropes incrementando la miopía relativa periférica. Aparentemente, las lentes con potencia de +3,00 D serían la mejor opción para generar ese efecto debido a la miopización periférica significativaMRIS -Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science(SAF2008-01114-E

Treatment of cancer with oral drugs: a position statement by the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM)

Cancer treatment involves the participation of multiple medical specialties and, as our knowledge of the disease increases, this fact becomes even more apparent. The degree of multidisciplinarity is determined by several factors, which include the severity and type of disease, the increasing diversity in the available pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies, and the range of specialists involved in cancer therapy, such as medical oncologists, radiotherapists, gynecologists, gastroenterologists, urologists, surgeons, and pneumologists, among others. Across Europe, the situation of cancer care can be variable due to the diversity of health systems, differences in drug reimbursement, and the degree of establishment of Medical Oncology as a medical specialty in the European Union states

Multi-aspheric description of the myopic cornea after different refractive treatments and its correlation with corneal higher order aberrations

Background: To analyse the asphericity of the anterior corneal surface (ACS) for different diameters, and correlate those values with corneal higher order aberrations (cHOA) before and after myopic treatments with corneal refractive therapy (CRT) for orthokeratology and customized (CL) and standard laser (SL) assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Setting: Clínica Oftalmológica NovoVisión, Madrid, Spain. Methods: The right eyes of 81 patients (27 in each treatment group), with a mean age of 29.94 ± 7.5 years, were analysed. Corneal videokeratographic data were used to obtain corneal asphericity (Q) for different corneal diameters from 3 to 8 mm and cHOA root mean square (RMS) obtained from Zernike polynomials for a pupil diameter of 6 mm. Results: There were statistically significant differences in asphericity values calculated at different corneal diameters for different refractive treatments and their changes. The difference between asphericity at 3 and 8 mm reference diameters showed statistically significant correlations with spherical-like cHOA that was also significantly increased after all procedures. Conclusions: The shift in corneal asphericity and the differences among different treatment techniques are more evident for the smaller reference diameters. These differences can be much reduced or even masked for a peripheral reference point at 4 mm from centre, which is used by some corneal topographers.MES -Ministry of Education and Science(BD/61768/2009

Refracción periférica con lentes de conacto multifocales de disenõ dominante en miopes jóvenes

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to show the potential of a commercial center-distance multifocal soft contact lens to induce relative peripheral myopic defocus in myopic eyes. Methods: Twenty-eight myopic right eyes from 28 patients (mean age: 22.0 ± 2.0 years) were evaluated. The measurements of axial and off-axis refraction were made using a Grand-Seiko WAM-5500 open-field autorefractometer without lens and with multifocal contact lenses (Proclear Multifocal D® Design) of +2.00 D and +3.00 D add power applied randomly. Central mean spherical equivalent refraction was −2.24 ± 1.33 D. Ocular refraction was measured at center and at eccentricities between 35◦ nasal and 35◦ temporal (in 5◦ steps). Results: Baseline relative peripheral refractive error (RPRE) as spherical equivalent (M) was −0.69 ± 1.14 D and −0.46 ± 1.38 D at 35◦ in the nasal and temporal degrees of visual field, respectively. Both add powers increased the relative peripheral myopic defocus up to −0.82 ± 1.23 D (p = 0.002) and −1.42 ± 1.45 D (p < 0.001) at 35◦ in the nasal field; and −0.87 ± 1.42 D (p = 0.003) and −2.00 ± 1.48 D (p < 0.001) at 35◦ in the temporal retina with +2.00 D and +3.00 D add lenses, respectively. Differences between +2.00 and +3.00 D add lenses were statistically significant beyond 20◦ in the nasal visual field and 10◦ in the temporal visual field. Conclusion: It is possible to induce significant changes in the pattern of relative peripheral refraction in the myopic direction with commercially available dominant design multifocal contact lenses. The higher add (+3.00 D) induced an significantly higher effect than the +2.00 D add lens, although an increase of 1 D in add power does not correspond to the same amount of increase in RPRE.Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue el de mostrar el potencial de inducción de desenfoque miópico en la retina periférica en ojos con miopia, por medio de una lente de contacto blanda multifocal de visión central-lejana, comercialmente disponible. Métodos: Se evaluaron veintiocho ojos derechos miopes pertenecientes a 28 pacientes (edad media: 22,0 ± 2,0 anos). ˜ Las mediciones de la refracción axial y fuera del eje se realizaron utilizando un autorrefractómetro de campo abierto Grand-Seiko WAM-5500 sin lentes, y con lentes de contacto multifocales (Diseno˜ Proclear Multifocal D®) de adición de potencia de +2,00D y +3,00D, aplicadas de manera aleatoria. La refracción equivalente esférica media y central fue de -2,24 ± 1,33D. La refracción ocular se midió en el centro, y a excentricidades comprendidas entre 35◦ nasales y 35◦ temporales (en pasos de 5◦). Resultados: El error refractivo periférico relativo basal (RPRE), como equivalente esférico (M), fue de -0,69 ± 1,14D y -0,46 ± 1,38D a 35◦ en las regiones nasal y temporal del campo visual, respectivamente. Ambas adiciones de potencias incrementaron el desenfoque miópico periférico relativo hasta -0,82 ± 1,23D (p = 0,002) y -1,42 ± 1,45D (p < 0,001) a 35◦ en el campo nasal, y -0,87 ± 1,42D (p = 0,003) y -2,00 ± 1,48D (p < 0,001) a 35◦ en el campo retiniano temporal con lentes de adición de +2,00D y +3,00D, respectivamente. Las diferencias entre las lentes de adición de +2,00 y +3,00D fueron estadísticamente significativas para excentricidades superiores a 20◦ en el campo visual nasal, y superiores a 10◦ en el campo visual temporal. Conclusión: Es posible inducir cambios miópicos significativos en el patrón de la refracción periférica relativa en la con las lentes de contacto multifocales de diseno˜ dominante, comercialmente disponibles. La adición mayor (+3,00D) indujo un efecto significativamente mayor que las lentes de adición de +2,00D, aunque el incremento de 1D en la adición de potencia no se corresponde con la misma cantidad de incremento en términos de cambio en el error refractivo periférico relativo.FCT -Fuel Cell Technologies Program(PTDC/SAU-BEB/098392/2008

The Genetic Architecture of Parkinson Disease in Spain: Characterizing Population-Specific Risk, Differential Haplotype Structures, and Providing Etiologic Insight

Background: The Iberian Peninsula stands out as having variable levels of population admixture and isolation, making Spain an interesting setting for studying the genetic architecture of neurodegenerative diseases. Objectives: To perform the largest PD genome-wide association study restricted to a single country. Methods: We performed a GWAS for both risk of PD and age at onset in 7,849 Spanish individuals. Further analyses included population-specific risk haplotype assessments, polygenic risk scoring through machine learning, Mendelian randomization of expression, and methylation data to gain insight into disease-associated loci, heritability estimates, genetic correlations, and burden analyses. Results: We identified a novel population-specific genome-wide association study signal at PARK2 associated with age at onset, which was likely dependent on the c.155delA mutation. We replicated four genome-wide independent signals associated with PD risk, including SNCA, LRRK2, KANSL1/MAPT, and HLA-DQB1. A significant trend for smaller risk haplotypes at known loci was found compared to similar studies of non-Spanish origin. Seventeen PD-related genes showed functional consequence by two-sample Mendelian randomization in expression and methylation data sets. Long runs of homozygosity at 28 known genes/loci were found to be enriched in cases versus controls. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate the utility of the Spanish risk haplotype substructure for future fine-mapping efforts, showing how leveraging unique and diverse population histories can benefit genetic studies of complex diseases. The present study points to PARK2 as a major hallmark of PD etiology in Spain.This research was supported, in part, by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health (National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; project numbers: 1ZIA‐NS003154‐03, Z01‐AG000949‐02, and Z01‐ES101986). In addition, this work was supported by the Department of Defense (award W81XWH‐09‐2‐0128), The Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, and the ISCIII Grants PI 15/0878 (Fondos Feder) to V.A. and PI 15/01013 to J,H. This study was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (PI14/01823, PI16/01575, PI18/01898, [SAF2006‐10126 (2006‐2009), SAF2010‐22329‐C02‐01 (2010‐2012), and SAF2013‐47939‐R (2013‐2018)]), co‐founded by ISCIII (Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación) and by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), the Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo de la Junta de Andalucía (CVI‐02526, CTS‐7685), the Consejería de Salud y Bienestar Social de la Junta de Andalucía (PI‐0437‐2012, PI‐0471‐2013), the Sociedad Andaluza de Neurología, the Jacques and Gloria Gossweiler Foundation, the Fundación Alicia Koplowitz, and the Fundación Mutua Madrileña. Pilar Gómez‐Garre was supported by the “Miguel Servet” (from ISCIII16 FEDER) and “Nicolás Monardes” (from Andalusian Ministry of Health) programmes. Silvia Jesús Maestre was supported by the “Juan Rodés” programme, and Daniel Macías‐García was supported by the “Río Hortega” programme (both from ISCIII‐FEDER). Cristina Tejera Parrado was supported by VPPI‐US from the Universidad de Sevilla. This research has been conducted using samples from the HUVR‐IBiS Biobank (Andalusian Public Health System Biobank and ISCIII‐Red de Biobancos PT13/0010/0056). This work was also supported by the grant PSI2014‐57643 from the Junta de Andalucía to the CTS‐438 group and a research award from the Andalusian Society of Neurology