Junior Ministery as a Tool That is Used to Provide the Coalitional Stability on Different Government Types

Bu çalışmada, parlamenter sistemlerde ve koalisyonlu başkanlık sistemiolarak kabul edilen bazı ülkelerdeki bakan yardımcılığı kurumunu incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın kapsamı, incelenen ülkelerin koalisyon hükümetleri dönemleriile sınırlıdır. Bakan yardımcılığı kurumu, ilk olarak bakanların iş yükünü hafifletmek ve onları parlamentoda temsil etmek için ihdas edilmiştir. Bağlı oldukları bakanlar ile aralarında hiyerarşi ilişkisi bulunmaktadır. Dahası, bakan yardımcıları, kendileri de bir bakan olmalarına karşın kabine üyesi değildir. Bunedenle bakan yardımcıları resmi olarak politika üzerinde etkili değillerdir.Zaman içerisinde bakanlar, bakan yardımcılarına sıklıkla yetkilerini devretmeyebaşlamışlardır. Bu nedenle ilgili pozisyon önem kazanmaya başlamıştır. Özellikle parlamenter sistemlerde, daha çok koalisyon hükümetleri dönemlerinde bupozisyon oldukca önemli hale gelmektedir. Kabineye dâhil olan siyasi partiler,kabinedeki diğer partileri denetleyebilmek adına bu pozisyonları talep etmektedir. Koalisyonlu başkanlık sistemlerinde de başkanlar, kabinesine davet ettiklediğer siyasi partilere mensup bakanları denetleyebilmek adına güvendiği kişilerio bakanlıklara bakan yardımcısı olarak atama yolunu tercih etmeye başlamışlardır. Çalışmamızda parlamenter sistemler ile ilgili olarak, İtalya, Hollanda, Almanya, Japonya ve Litvanya örneklerine yer verilmiştir. Koalisyonlu başkanlıksistemi olarak ise Brezilya, Şili ve Uruguay örnekleri incelenmiştir.This study investigates the institution of junior ministry in parliamentary systems and some countries that are accepted as a coalitional presidentialism. The scope of this study is limited by periods of coalition government of studied contries. The junior ministry, firstly, was used to alleviate the workload of the ministers and to represent in the parliament him/her. There is a hierarchical relationship between junior ministers and ministers who they belong to. Furthermore, junior ministers are not members of cabinets. That’s why this position doesn’t have efficacy on policy formally. In the time, the ministers have started to delegate some powers to junior ministers. Therefore, they have been came into prominence. Additionally, this institution is convert more important position in the periods of coalition governments. because the political parties that are members of coalition, have demanded this position to keep tabs other parties. In that same way, in coalitional presidential systems, the presidents appoints the persons who are confined to ministries to control the minister who is a member of another political party which is president’s coalition partner. In our study, we will investigate Italy, Netherland, Germany, Japan and Lithuania in the context of parliamentary government system and Brasil, Chile, Uruguay as a coalitional presidentialism

A deep learning approach for parkinson’s disease severity assessment

Purpose: Parkinson’s Disease comes on top among neurodegenerative diseases affecting 10 million worldwide. To detect Parkinson’s Disease in a prior state, gait analysis is an effective choice. However, monitoring of Parkinson’s Disease using gait analysis is time consuming and exhaustive for patients and physicians. To assess severity of symptoms, a rating scale called Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale is used. It determines mild and severe cases. Today, Parkinson’s Disease severity assessment is made in gait laboratories and by manual examination. These are time consuming and it is costly for health institutions to build and maintain laboratories. By using low-cost wearables and an effective model, aforementioned problems can be solved. Methods: We provide a computerized solution for quantifiable assessment of Parkinson’s Disease symptoms severity. By using wearable sensors, our framework can predict exact symptom values to assess Parkinson’s Disease severity. We propose a deep learning approach that utilizes Ground Reaction Force sensors. From sensor signals, features are extracted and fed to a hybrid deep learning model. This model is the combination of Convolutional Neural Networks and Locally Weighted Random Forest. Results: Proposed framework achieved 0.897, 3.009, 4.556 in terms of Correlation Coefficient, Mean Absolute Error and Root Mean Square Error, respectively. Proposed framework outperformed other machine and deep learning models. We also evaluated classification performance for disease detection. We outperformed most of the previous studies, achieving 99.5% accuracy, 98.7% sensitivity and 99.1% specificity. Conclusion: This is the first study to use a deep learning regression approach to predict exact symptom value of Parkinson’s Disease patients. Results show that this approach can be effectively employed as a disease severity assessment tool using wearable sensors.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

Predicting infections using computational intelligence – A systematic review

Infections encompass a set of medical conditions of very diverse kinds that can pose a significant risk to health, and even death. As with many other diseases, early diagnosis can help to provide patients with proper care to minimize the damage produced by the disease, or to isolate them to avoid the risk of spread. In this context, computational intelligence can be useful to predict the risk of infection in patients, raising early alarms that can aid medical teams to respond as quick as possible. In this paper, we survey the state of the art on infection prediction using computer science by means of a systematic literature review. The objective is to find papers where computational intelligence is used to predict infections in patients using physiological data as features. We have posed one major research question along with nine specific subquestions. The whole review process is thoroughly described, and eight databases are considered which index most of the literature published in different scholarly formats. A total of 101 relevant documents have been found in the period comprised between 2003 and 2019, and a detailed study of these documents is carried out to classify the works and answer the research questions posed, resulting to our best knowledge in the most comprehensive study of its kind. We conclude that the most widely addressed infection is by far sepsis, followed by Clostridium difficile infection and surgical site infections. Most works use machine learning techniques, from which logistic regression, support vector machines, random forest and naive Bayes are the most common. Some machine learning works provide some ideas on the problems of small data and class imbalance, which can be of interest. The current systematic literature review shows that automatic diagnosis of infectious diseases using computational intelligence is well documented in the medical literature.publishedVersio

“Living Things and Life” learning strand in the middle school ccience curriculum: changes throughout the historical period

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin ilk ortaokul öğretim programı olan “1924 Ortamektep Müfredat Programı”, 1913 yılında Osmanlı Döneminde yürürlüğe girmiş olan “Tedrisat-ı İptidaiye Kanunu Muvakkatı” programının Cumhuriyet ilkelerine göre düzenlenmiş halidir. Bu programdan günümüze kadar birçok ortaokul öğretim programı hazırlanarak uygulanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Cumhuriyetin ilk ortaokul fen öğretim programından günümüze kadar uygulanan programlardaki, Canlılar ve Yaşam öğrenme alanı kapsamında yer alan biyoloji, çevre ve sağlık konuları derlenerek tek bir kaynakta toplanmış ve karşılaştırmalı olarak tartışılmıştır. Araştırma ortaokul öğretim programlarını kapsadığı için 2013 programına kadar 6., 7. ve 8. sınıflar, 2013 ve 2018 programlarında ise 5., 6., 7. ve 8. sınıflar çalışmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Araştırma doküman incelemesi yöntemiyle yürütülmüş olup veriler betimsel analiz ile değerlendirilmiştir. Doküman incelemesinde yazılı belgelerin içeriği titizlikle, sistematik olarak ve kronolojik sıra gözetilerek analiz edilir. Araştırma kapsamında kullanılan veriler birincil kaynaklardan elde edilmiştir. Söz konusu bu kaynaklar Milli Kütüphane, MEB Ders Kitapları ve Yayımlar Daire Başkanlığı Arşiv Kütüphanesinde yer alan orijinal kaynaklardır. Literatürde yakın geçmişteki fen öğretim programlarını çeşitli açılardan inceleyen çok sayıda çalışma bulunurken, Cumhuriyet'ten günümüze uygulanan Fen Bilgisi Öğretimi Öğretim Programlarında yer alan konuların karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesine yönelik çok az çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma fen öğretim programlarında yer alan Canlılar ve Yaşam öğrenme alanı konularının yaklaşık bir asırlık aşamada geçirdiği değişiklikleri ortaya koymaktadır. Bu nedenle fen eğitim tarihi ile ilgilenen araştırmacılara ve kurumlara önemli katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.The 1924 Middle School Curriculum (Ortamektep Müfredat Programı), which is the first secondary school education curriculum of the Republic of Turkey, was the reorganized version of the Ottoman Empire’s 1913 curriculum (Tedrisat-ı İptidaiye Kanunu Muvakkatı) by the republic principles. Since those times, many secondary school education curricula have been prepared and implemented. In this study, biology, environment, and health issues within the scope of Living and Life learning in the curricula implemented from the first secondary school science curriculum of the Republic until today were investigated and comparatively discussed. Since the research covers middle school curricula, 6th, 7th, and 8th grades were included in the study until the 2013 curriculum, and 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th grades in 2013 and 2018 curricula. The research was carried out with the method of document analysis, which is one of the qualitative research methods and the data were evaluated with descriptive analysis. In the analysis, the content of the written documents is analyzed meticulously, systematically, and in chronological order. The written documents used within the scope of this research are the primary sources and are authentic and were obtained by the researchers from the Archive Library of the National Library, MoNA Textbooks, and Publications Department. While there are many studies in the literature that examine the science teaching programs in the recent past from various aspects, there are very few studies on the comparative examination of the subjects in the Science Teaching Curricula implemented from the Republic to the present. This study reveals the changes of Living and Life learning area subjects in science curricula, which have gone through in about a century. For this reason, it is thought that it will make a significant contribution to researchers and institutions interested in the history of science education

Examination of the Relationships between Internal and External Egg Quality Traits: A Structural Equation Model

This study aimed to determine the structural relationship between internal and external egg quality (IEEQ) traits. In this study, 114 eggs produced from 24 weeks-old laying hens reared at the Ondokuz Mayis University Research Farm were used. Egg weight (EW), egg width (EWi), egg length (EL) and shell weight (SW) measurements were examined as external quality traits. Also, albumen height (AH), albumen width (AW), yolk height (YH), yolk weight (YW) and yolk diameter (YD) parameters were used as internal quality traits. Structural Equation Model (SEM) was used to determine the relationships between IEEQ traits. Data analysis was performed with the LISREL package. It has been determined that the variables that are important in determining the external egg quality are SW, EWi and EL. When the variables explaining the internal traits were examined, it was determined that the YW, YD, AW, AH and YH were significant. It was determined that the relationship between external egg quality and internal quality was 0.96 and external quality explained the internal quality by 91%. It has been determined that the SEM used in this study is sufficient to explain the relationship between internal and external quality

Laboratuvardan Kliniğe Transplantasyon Pratiği

Transplantasyon; Temel Tıbbi Bilimler, Moleküler Tıp, Genetik ve İmmünolojiden klinik uygulamalardan destek alan multidisipliner bir tıp dalıdır. Temel bilimlerdeki başarılı çalışmaların kliniğe uygulanması, klinikte karşılaşılan sorunların da, oluşturulan deneysel hayvan modellerinde irdelenmesi, elde edilen bilgilerin klinik uygulamalara aktarılması; diğer deyişle tecrübelerin “Translational” özellikli olması günümüz transplantasyon çalışmalarında bir gerekliliktir. İmmün sistemin bileşenlerinin ve reaksiyonlarının iyi bilinmesi, hücreler arası ilişkilerde greftin reddi ya da kabul edilmesinin şartlarını doğru anlamak ve uygun laboratuvar yöntemleri ile klinik durumun aydınlatılması transplantasyonda stratejik önemdedir. Bu nedenle, klinik transplantasyon çalışmaları yapanlar temel bilimler bilgileri ile de donanımlı olmalıdırlar. Multidisipliner bir dal olma bilinci ile yapılan klinik transplantasyon çalışmalarında başarı yakalanmaktadır. Laboratuvardan Kliniğe Transplantasyon kitabımızda tüm yönleri ile transplantasyonun organizmaya etkileri ve bunların klinik sonuçlarını, çalışmalarımızın ışığında sunmayı ve tartışmayı hedefledik. Editör: Prof.Dr. Mesut İzzet TİTİZ Yardımcı Editör: Doç.Dr. Pınar AT

Improvements for effective product layout in netlog’s warehouse

In this project, warehouse management system is going to be implemented in order to transfer products faster, more efficient, and more flawless to the desired destination. Netlog has a warehouse that is used for storage. In storage, there are two types of placement systems called automatic and semi-automatic systems. Automatic system provides storage and shipping to vehicles automaticallywhen order is sent by Ülker. Semi-Automatic System contains two levels that are to transport products with forklifts to elevators and to transmit them desired destination. Placement of products in warehouse is shaped according to experience of engineers. Engineers change places of products from time to time. Main goal is about final placement of products in areas of Semi-Automatic System according to existing problems. Group Technology Techniques is utilized to solve problems. Final placement of the products is rearranged according to some factors and workers’ total time is decreased.Ingeniería industria

Comparative Constitutional Law in terms of Executive and Legislative Powers under The Formation and Presidential System and Turkey

Başkanlık sistemi kuvvetler ayrılığına dayanır. Bu sistemde başkan veparlamento bağımsız olarak seçilirler. Başkanın ve parlamentonun görev süresisabittir. Ayrıca parlamento ve başkan birbirlerine karşı kullanabilecekleri yetkilere sahiptir. Bu yetkilerin toplamı kontrol ve dengeler sistemi olarak adlandırılır. Başkanlık sisteminin klasik örneği ABD olarak kabul edilmektedir. ÇünküABD dışında pek çok ülkede şeklen başkanlık sistemi olsa da kontrol ve dengeler sistemi açısından başkanlık sistemi olarak kabul edilemeyecek olan uygulamalar bulunmaktadır. Bu tür sistemlerin ana özelliği, sistemi domine eden başkanların olmasıdır. 2017’de Türkiye’de kabul edilen hükümet sistemi de bu tiphükümet sistemlerindendir. Türkiye’de Cumhurbaşkanı anayasal sistemde etkindir çünkü anayasal olarak sistemi domine edebileceği yetkileri bulunmaktadır. Bu yetkiler kararname yetkisi, önemli mevkiiler için atama yetkileri ve bütçe yetkisidir. Ayrıca eş zamanlı seçim uygulaması Cumhurbaşkanı’na istikrarlıbir TBMM desteği de sağlamaktadır.The presidential system is based on separation of powers. In that system, president and parliament are elected independently. The terms of presidentand parliament are fixed. Additionally parliament and president have powerswhich they can use against each other. The sum of these powers are named aschecks and balances system. The core of the presidential system is accepted asUSA because a lot of country has a system that is formally presidential systembut in terms of checks and balances not, except USA. Main feature of thesesystems is that there are the presidents that are dominated the system. In 2017,Turkey has also adopted such a system. In Turkey, the president dominate thesystem because the president has powers to dominate the system constitutionally. These powers are decree power, appointment powers for important positions and budget powers. Additionally the practice of concurrent election provides the stable support of TBMM to the president

Test yöntemlerinin uçucu küllü çimentoların basınç dayanımları üzerinden karşılaştırılması.

In Turkey the compressive strength of cements are determined according to TS EN 196-1. That standard suggests the use of a constant water-cement ratio of 0.50 in preparation of mortar specimens for all types of cements. On the other hand, in USA cement producers use ASTM C 109 to determine the compressive strength of cements, which is based on a constant consistency of cement mortars for blended cements only. The main difference of these methods is the needed amount of water to produce cement mortar. When a constant w/c is used to prepare mortar specimens as specified by TS EN 196-1, especially for certain blended cements insufficient compaction may occur and compressive strength may not be obtained in a standard repeatable manner. On the other hand, when ASTM C 109 is used, higher amount of water may be used to obtain a constant consistency and the compressive strength can be lower. Therefore, in this study, unlike EN 196-1 and ASTM C 109, a constant water/cementitious by volume method is suggested to prepare mortar specimens to determine their strength. vi The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate the variabilities that can be confronted with the determination of compressive strength of fly ash blended cements. For this purpose, portlant cement clinker was replaced with fly ash (FA) at 20 %, 35 %, 55 % replacement levels, by using three different methods which are acquired by the constant water/cementitious by mass (EN 196-1), constant flow (ASTM) and constant water/cementitious by volume methods,7-day and 28-day compressive strength of mortars were obtained. Then, coefficient of variation (CoV) of the results obtained by three different methods were compared. After the experimental study, it was observed that a less deviation in the compressive strength results were obtained by constant water/cementitious by volume method and ASTM C109 method. However, for the constant water/cementitious by mass method (EN 196-1), higher deviance in the compressive strength results were obtained. As a result, it was determined that the constant water/cementitious by mass method (EN 196-1) is not proper for fly ash blended cements.M.S. - Master of Scienc

" Meclis gizli celse zabıtlarında Başkomutanlık meselesi"

ABSRACT The chief of the Army ıssve in the documents of the secret sessions of National Assembly.Mustafa Kemal's journey started in Samsun in May 19, 1919, contunied in Amasya, Erzurum, Sivas and then Ankara, and finally ended in İzmir in September 9, 1922, formed the History of National Independence.The Independence was grounded in on many bloody wars, agony, and struggle beyond man power. The chief actors of this struggle, of course, were Mustafa Kemal and a few people who dedicated their lives to this struggle.Each phase of the Independence war is of great importance, and consequently each of them deserves tedailed investigation. But the destiny of the war got clear after Sakarya and the following wars. The victory in these wars gave rise to our Turkish Republic. Hence, Sakarya The Chief of Army and the Great Assault are significant. The case of losing one of these wars would have put an end to our final goal, Turkish Republic. Thus, in this thesis,the chief of the Army title assigned to Mustafa Kemal, the secret sessions of the National Assembly about the issue were examined.To evaluate the phases mentioned above, it is a must to examine the situation that created those periods. Hence, the thesis starts with the World War I, which gave rise to the foundation of the Republic of Turkey.In the first chapter, the causes of World War I, the situation of Ottoman Empire and Europe, the plans about Ottoman Empire, and the result, of the World War I were examined. Mondros Treaty which put an end to the war and caused Ottoman Empire to collapse, the situation in Istabul and Anatolia in the following period, the occupation of Anatolia, and the activities of occupant states were investigated. - 1 -The War of Independence took a start with Mustafa Kemal's disembarking in Samsun. Within the preparation phases which can be named as "Getting organized through congresses, Amasya Decleration, Erzurum and Sivas Congresses played a crucial role. The policy Mustafa Kemal adopted towards the Goverment in Istanbul during this period exemplified the behaviours of a great politician.The second chapter starts, with the foundation of National Forces. The National Forces' increasingly getting strong created a big problem for the Allied Forces and the Goverment in Istanbul. Damat Ferit Pasha from whom the Allied Forces and the Sultan expected a lot to overcome this issue had to resign. Later Ali Rıza Pasha who came to power also did so. Damat Ferit who took power again was decisive to implement his bloody plans to eradicate national struggle. His ambitions and the desire of the occupant states were of priar importance.Despite all the difficulties and pressure Mustafa Kemal continued his policy and put his plans in action. The foundation of National Assembly on April 23, 1923 means the foundation of the new Turkish State. After this event more serious plans were put in action. The militia was far from to meet the demands. Hence the activities to establish a regular military force were started. The first accomplinment of these forces is the destruction of the Çerkez Ethem forces. Meanwhile, Ottoman Empire signed Sevr Treaty which meant its destruction.The third chapter starts with the military dimension of the World War I, and Inonu War I. Inonu War I and II and the events following these are mentioned. These successful was made new Turkish state to be recognized in the political arena. To put an end to this rising trend of the new state and its army, the Greek forces supported by Allied Forces stopped Turkish Forces in Kütahya-Eskişehir Wars. This event caused dissapointment within the country, and new alternative actions and plans were sought. In the assembly, the visit of a group of parliement members to the war region and front lines was decided. After this visit, the group suggested that serious precautions should be taken. Then Mustafa Kemal was assigned as the chief of the army. This idea was not Mustafa Kemal's own idea,but in the case of being assigned as the chief of army, he would not say "no" and refuse this duty. He accepted this duty on one condition; he wanted to have massive authority and power. He had two options; either he would become successful and a new state would be founded or would lose and be hung and Turkish nation would - 2 -be imprisoned.The ones who wanted Mustafa Kemal to have the total authurity were divided into two, on one hand there were ones who had complete confidence in him, and on the other hand ones who hoped that Mustafa Kemal would fail and dissapear. Finally, on August 5, 1921, Mustafa Kemal was assigned as the Chief of Army with extraordinary power and authority.The Sakarya War was a great succes but the 3 months period for which Mustafa Kemal was assigred as the Chief of Army ended. On November 5, this period was extended. The preparation period of the army took a long time and the opposite goups got increasingly strong. The talks on February 5, 1922 caused a lot of argument but again that period was extended for another 3 months.However, after the talks about extending that period for another 3 months on May 5, the period wasn't extended. It was a success of the oposing groups. But the army had no chief. The Assembly gathered on Mustafa Kemal's demad on May 6, extended that period for another 3 months. In the session held on July 20, 1922 Mustafa Kemal gave a speech in National Assembly and mentioned that the extraordinary situation was over and there was no need to use the power and authority of the National Assembly. After this speech the Assembly extended his duty for good. Under the command of Mustafa Kemal Chief of the Army and Great Assault resulted in great succes.A leader is a person who makes the society follow him, who has special abilities and who is consulted during the period of crisis. Society suffers a lot if it has no leader during crisis. Luckily, Turkish society had a leader during that vital period, and that leader won the war.In this study, by considering the secret sessions of the I National Assembly, I investigate the assignment of the Chief of the Army tittle to Mustafa Kemal and how it changed the direction of the war, the situation in the National Assembly, and the attitudes of the parliment members during the period of founding a new state.I would like to express my gratitude to my adrisor Assoc.Prof.Hülya BAYKAL, who has always been a great source of support and help during my study.- 3