An in situ instrument for planar O2 optode measurements at benthic interfaces

A new in situ instrument for two‐dimensional mapping of oxygen in coastal sediments is presented. The measuring principle is described, and potential mechanical disturbances, solute and particle smearing associated with the measurements, and calibration routines are evaluated. The first in situ measurements obtained in two different benthic communities are presented. In a shallow photosynthetic sediment (1 m of water depth), an extensive horizontal and temporal variation in the O2 distribution caused by benthic photosynthesis and irrigating fauna was resolved. Repetitive planar optode measurements performed along a transect in central Øresund, Denmark (17 m of water depth) revealed a positive correlation between the apparent O2 penetration depths (OP) measured with a lateral distance <5.0 mm, whereas OP measured with a larger horizontal distance (up to 50 m) were not correlated. Consequently, the OP varied in patches with a characteristic size of 5.0 mm. The instrument described is a powerful new tool for in situ characterization of spatiotemporal variations in O2 distributions within benthic communities. The instrument can be adapted for use at full ocean depths, e.g., on deep‐sea landers or remote operating vehicles

Studies of fluxes of dissolved iron and manganese in the Gulf of Finland

© 2004 IEEE. Metal fluxes (total dissolved iron and manganese) across the water-sediment interface were studied in situ in the Gulf of Finland in June 2002 and 2003 using an autonomous benthic lander. Distribution of these metals in the sediment and the porewater was also investigated. Focus was given to understand the behavior of the studied metals at various redox conditions and the influence when sediment resuspension is occurring. Our data indicate the importance of the redox conditions for the iron fluxes with no fluxes at oxic, intermediate at anoxic and high fluxes at suboxic conditions. The fluxes of manganese do not seem to have any correlation with the oxygen levels. Both metals were significantly affected by resuspension, which led to a rapid release

Air-sea gas transfer velocity for oxygen derived from float data

We estimated the air-sea gas transfer velocity for oxygen using three consecutive years (Sept. 2003 to Aug. 2006) of high-quality oxygen measurements from profiling floats in the central Labrador Sea. Mixed layer oxygen concentrations exhibit strong seasonality characterized by biologically and thermally driven evasion during spring/summer and invasion during fall/winter caused by cooling and ventilation of oxygen-deficient subsurface waters. Mixed layer oxygen budgets entirely excluding the spring bloom period are employed to estimate the air-sea transfer velocity for oxygen. By using co-located wind speed data acquired by scatterometry from the QuikSCAT satellite, wind speed dependent parameterizations for the air-sea gas transfer velocity k660 (CO2 at 20◦C and salinity 35) are established and compared with prominent parameterizations from the literature. Quadratic, cubic and quartic functions are fitted to the data for short-term and long-term wind speed averages separately. In both cases the quadratic functions yield the poorest fit to the observations. Overall, the stronger curvature of the cubic functions provides the best fit, while the quartic function also fits the data less well. Our results generally confirm the stronger wind speed dependencies among the suite of published parameterizations. Also the better fits found for cubic function points at the strong importance of very high wind speed for airsea gas exchange of O2

FAUNE ET FLORE DES NIVEAUX PROFONDS DE SHAHI-TUMP (BALOCHISTAN, PAKISTAN) Premiers résultats

International audienceÀ Shahi-Tump, site fouillé par la Mission archéologique française au Makran (district de Kech-Makran, Balochistan pakistanais), les niveaux les plus anciens appartiennent à un faciès néolithique acéramique. Pourtant, les premiers résultats des analyses des restes archéozoologiques et archéobotaniques indiquent une séquence culturelle qui correspond à la phase ultime précédant l'introduction de la céramique dans cette région occidentale du Balochistan. L'exploitation du milieu naturel y est de faible importance et l'économie alimentaire repose fondamentalement sur des espèces animales et végétales domestiques-mais dont le spectre est encore limité. Un tel modèle est rare dans la vaste région comprise entre l'Iran oriental et l'Indus. Le seul site ayant livré des faunes et des fl ores domestiquées associées à des niveaux sans céramique est le site de Merhgarh. Ce dernier appartient cependant à une zone biogéographique très différente du Makran, et le rôle des animaux sauvages pour l'obtention de protéines d'origine animale y est très important, alors qu'il n'a joué qu'un rôle mineur dans l'économie de Shahi-Tump. La rareté de tels horizons dans toute cette région nous a paru justifi er la diffusion des points originaux concernant l'économie alimentaire de ce site avant la publication d'autres données-tout particulièrement la métrique-qui seront présentées dans le cadre de la future monographie consacrée aux restes de ce gisement. Abstract: At Shahi-Tump, a site excavated by the French Archaeological Mission to Makran (district of Kech-Makran, Baluchistan, Pakistan), the oldest occupational levels belong to an aceramic neolithic horizon. The fi rst results obtained by the analysis of archaeozoological and archaeobotanical remains suggest nevertheless that we deal here with a phase immediately preceding the introduction of ceramics into this western part of Baluchistan. The exploitation of wild resources was of minor importance and the subsistence economy seems to have been mainly based on a limited number of domestic animal and plant species. This model is uncommon in the vast region stretching from eastern Iran to the Indus. The only other site that has provided remains of domestic animals and plants associated with aceramic neolithic levels is Mehrgarh. However, at this site, situated in a quite different biogeographical zone, wild animals constituted a signifi cant part of the diet, while hunting never played an important role in the subsistence economy at Shahi-Tump. The rarity of aceramic deposits across this region justifi es the publication of the fi rst results from Shahi-Tump even though this paper does not contain detailed information, most particularly morphometric data. These will be presented at length in a future monograph dedicated to the site. Mots-clés : Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Shahi-Tump, Makran, Néolithique acéramique, Paléo-environnement

Factors influencing organic carbon recycling and burial in Skagerrak sediments

Different factors influencing recycling and burial rates of organic carbon (OC) were investigated in the continental margin sediments of the Skagerrak (NE North Sea). Two different areas, one in the southern and one in the northeastern part of the Skagerrak were visited shortly after a spring bloom (March 1999) and in late summer (August 2000). Results suggested that: (1) Organic carbon oxidation rates (Cox) (2.2–18 mmol C m-2d-11) were generally larger than the O2 uptake rates (1.9 –25 mmol m-2d-1). Both rates were measured in situ using a benthic lander. A mean apparent respiration ratio (Cox:O2corr) of 1.3±0.5 was found, indicating some long-term burial of reduced inorganic substances in these sediments. Measured O2 fluxes increased linearly with increasing Cox rates during the late summer cruise but not on the early spring cruise, indicating a temporal uncoupling of anaerobic mineralization and reoxidation of reduced substances. (2) Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluxes (0.2–1.0 mmol C m-2d-1) constituted 3–10% of the Cox rates and were positively correlated with the latter, implying that net DOC production rates were proportional to the overall sediment OC remineralization rates. (3) Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentrations in the sediment were significantly higher in early spring compared to late summer. The measured Cox rates, but not O2 fluxes, showed a strong positive correlation with the Chl-a inventories in the top 3 cm of the sediment. (4) Although no relationship was found between the benthic fluxes and the macrofaunal biomass in the chambers, total in situ measured dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) fluxes were 1–5.4 times higher than diffusive mediated CT fluxes, indicating that macrofauna have a significant impact on benthic exchange rates of OC remineralization products in Skagerrak sediments. (5) OC burial fluxes were generally higher in northeastern Skagerrak than in the southern part. The same pattern was observed for burial efficiencies, with annual means of ~62% and ~43% for the two areas respectively. (6) On a basin-wide scale, there was a significant positive linear correlation between the burial efficiencies and sediment accumulation rates. (7) The calculated particulate organic carbon (POC) deposition, from benthic flux and burial measurements, was only 24 –78% of the sediment trap measured POC deposition, indicating a strong near-bottom lateral transport and resuspension of POC. (8) A larger fraction of the laterally advected material of lower quality seemed to settle in the northeastern Skagerrak rather than in the southern Skagerrak. (9) Skagerrak sediments, especially in the northeastern part, act as an efficient net sink for organic carbon, even in a global continental margin context

Aadi in situ hypoxia monitoring solutions applied in the framework of the eu fp7 project hypox

Peer Reviewe

Bottom mixed layer oxygen dynamics in the Celtic Sea

The seasonally stratified continental shelf seas are highly productive, economically important environments which are under considerable pressure from human activity. Global dissolved oxygen concentrations have shown rapid reductions in response to anthropogenic forcing since at least the middle of the twentieth century. Oxygen consumption is at the same time linked to the cycling of atmospheric carbon, with oxygen being a proxy for carbon remineralisation and the release of CO2. In the seasonally stratified seas the bottom mixed layer (BML) is partially isolated from the atmosphere and is thus controlled by interplay between oxygen consumption processes, vertical and horizontal advection. Oxygen consumption rates can be both spatially and temporally dynamic, but these dynamics are often missed with incubation based techniques. Here we adopt a Bayesian approach to determining total BML oxygen consumption rates from a high resolution oxygen time-series. This incorporates both our knowledge and our uncertainty of the various processes which control the oxygen inventory. Total BML rates integrate both processes in the water column and at the sediment interface. These observations span the stratified period of the Celtic Sea and across both sandy and muddy sediment types. We show how horizontal advection, tidal forcing and vertical mixing together control the bottom mixed layer oxygen concentrations at various times over the stratified period. Our muddy-sand site shows cyclic spring-neap mediated changes in oxygen consumption driven by the frequent resuspension or ventilation of the seabed. We see evidence for prolonged periods of increased vertical mixing which provide the ventilation necessary to support the high rates of consumption observed

Land in balance: the scientific conceptual framework for land degradation neutrality

The health and productivity of global land resources are declining, while demand for those resources is increasing. The aim of land degradation neutrality (LDN) is to maintain or enhance land-based natural capital and its associated ecosystem services. The Scientific Conceptual Framework for Land Degradation Neutrality has been developed to provide a scientific approach to planning, implementing and monitoring LDN. The Science-Policy Interface of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) led the development of the conceptual framework, drawing in expertise from a diverse range of disciplines. The LDN conceptual framework focuses on the supporting processes required to deliver LDN, including biophysical and socio-economic aspects, and their interactions. Neutrality implies no net loss of the land-based natural capital relative to a reference state, or baseline. Planning for neutrality involves projecting the likely cumulative impacts of land use and land management decisions, then counterbalancing anticipated losses with measures to achieve equivalent gains. Counterbalancing should occur only within individual land types, distinguished by land potential, to ensure “like for like” exchanges. Actions to achieve LDN include sustainable land management (SLM) practices that avoid or reduce degradation, coupled with efforts to reverse degradation through restoration or rehabilitation of degraded land. The response hierarchy of Avoid > Reduce > Reverse land degradation articulates the priorities in planning LDN interventions. The implementation of LDN is managed at the landscape level through integrated land use planning, while achievement is assessed at national level. Monitoring LDN status involves quantifying the balance between the area of gains (significant positive changes in LDN indicators) and area of losses (significant negative changes in LDN indicators), within each land type across the landscape. The LDN indicators (and associated metrics) are land cover (physical land cover class), land productivity (net primary productivity, NPP) and carbon stocks (soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks). The LDN conceptual framework comprises five modules: A: Vision of LDN describes the intended outcome of LDN; B: Frame of Reference clarifies the LDN baseline; C: Mechanism for Neutrality explains the counterbalancing mechanism; D: Achieving Neutrality presents the theory of change (logic model) articulating the impact pathway; and E: Monitoring Neutrality presents the LDN indicators. Principles that govern application of the framework provide flexibility while reducing risk of unintended outcomes.Annette L. Cowie, Barron J. Orr, Victor M. Castillo Sanchez, Pamela Chasek, Neville D. Crossman, Alexander Erlewein, Geertrui Louwagie, Martine Maron, Graciela I. Metternicht, Sara Minelli, Anna E. Tengberg, Sven Walter, Shelley Welto

Mass flows, turbidity currents and other hydrodynamic consequences of small and moderate earthquakes in the Sea of Marmara

Earthquake-induced submarine slope destabilization is known to cause mass wasting and turbidity currents, but the hydrodynamic processes associated with these events remain poorly understood. Instrumental records are rare, and this notably limits our ability to interpret marine paleoseismological sedimentary records. An instrumented frame comprising a pressure recorder and a Doppler recording current meter deployed at the seafloor in the Sea of Marmara Central Basin recorded the consequences of a Mw 5.8 earthquake occurring on 26 September 2019 and of a Mw 4.7 foreshock 2 d before. The smaller event caused sediment resuspension and weak current (&lt;4 cm s−1) in the water column. The larger event triggered a complex response involving a debris flow and turbidity currents with variable velocities and orientations, which may have resulted from multiple slope failures. A long delay of 10 h is observed between the earthquake and the passing of the strongest turbidity current. The distance traveled by the sediment particles during the event is estimated to have extended over several kilometers, which could account for a local deposit on a sediment fan at the outlet of a canyon (where the instrument was located), but the sedimentation event did not likely cover the whole basin floor. We show that after a moderate earthquake, delayed turbidity current initiation may occur, possibly by ignition of a cloud of resuspended sediment.</p