HiPERCAM: A high-speed quintuple-beam CCD camera for the study of rapid variability in the universe

HiPERCAM is a high-speed camera for the study of rapid variability in the Universe. The project is funded by a ϵ3.5M European Research Council Advanced Grant. HiPERCAM builds on the success of our previous instrument, ULTRACAM, with very significant improvements in performance thanks to the use of the latest technologies. HiPERCAM will use 4 dichroic beamsplitters to image simultaneously in 5 optical channels covering the u'g'r'I'z' bands. Frame rates of over 1000 per second will be achievable using an ESO CCD controller (NGC), with every frame GPS timestamped. The detectors are custom-made, frame-transfer CCDs from e2v, with 4 low noise (2.5e -) outputs, mounted in small thermoelectrically-cooled heads operated at 180 K, resulting in virtually no dark current. The two reddest CCDs will be deep-depletion devices with anti-etaloning, providing high quantum efficiencies across the red part of the spectrum with no fringing. The instrument will also incorporate scintillation noise correction via the conjugate-plane photometry technique. The opto-mechanical chassis will make use of additive manufacturing techniques in metal to make a light-weight, rigid and temperature-invariant structure. First light is expected on the 4.2m William Herschel Telescope on La Palma in 2017 (on which the field of view will be 10' with a 0.3"/pixel scale), with subsequent use planned on the 10.4m Gran Telescopio Canarias on La Palma (on which the field of view will be 4' with a 0.11"/pixel scale) and the 3.5m New Technology Telescope in Chile

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Bubble clouds and Langmuir Circulation: observations and models

Concurrent measurements of the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy and the void fraction and size distribution of near-surface bubbles are described. Relatively high dissipation rates and void fractions are found in bubble bands produced by Langmuir circulation. The mean dissipation rates observed in the bands are close to those at which the dynamics of algae is significantly affected. The data are used to test basic assumptions underpinning models of subsurface bubbles and associated air{ndash}sea gas transfer. A simple model is used to examine the qualitative effect of Langmuir circulation on the vertical diffusion of bubbles and the representation of Langmuir circulation in models of gas transfer. The circulation is particularly effective in vertical bubble transfer when bubbles are injected by breaking waves to depths at which they are carried downward by the circulation against their tendency to rise. The estimated value of the ratio r of the eddy diffusivity of particles (resembling bubbles) Kp to the eddy viscosity Kz depends on depth z and on the form selected for Kz. The effects of nonoverlapping or superimposed Langmuir cells of different size may be very different. Multiple nonoverlapping cells of similar scales with Kz independent of depth can result in concentration profiles that resemble those of a law-of-the-wall Kz. It is demonstrated that model prediction of bubble distributions and of gas transfer (which is related to bubble submergence time) is sensitive to Kz and to the size distribution of Langmuir circulation cell

A study on the determination of some properties of roses (Rosa damescana Milb) grown in Isparta and its region

Bu çalışma Mart-Haziran 1991 döneminde İsparta ili Keçiborlu ilçesine bağlı Tepecik ve Senir (Erkenci), merkeze bağlı Deregümü ve Yakaören (Orta), yine Keçiborlu ilçesine bağlı Gülköy ve Kavak (Geççi) köylerinde yağ gülü (Rosa damescana Mili.) üzerinde yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla her köyden ikişer adet üretici bahçesi seçilmiştir. Her üretici bahçesindede yirmi adet bitki seçimi yapılarak seçilen bu bitkiler ile birlikte bahçe genelinde fenolojik gözlemler yapılmıştır. Bu gözlemlerde yağ gülü'nde ilk yapraklanma, tam yapraklanma, ilk gonca devresi ve hasat başlangıç tarihleri saptanmıştır. Bunların yanında bu alanda mevcut olan sorunlar da araştırılarak bunlara çözüm yolları önerilmiştir. Gözlem bahçelerinden ilk yapraklanmanın en erken Tepecik'te (13-14-Mart), en geç ise Gülköy ve Kavak'ta (22-Nisan) başladığı görülmüştür. ilk yapraklanma Senir'de (16-17-Mart), Dergümü'nde (21-Mart), Yakaören’de ise (25-Mart) tarihinde başlamıştır. Tam yapraklanma tarihlerine; Tepecik'te 3-Nisan, Senir'deki gözlem bahçelerinde 11-15-Nisan, Deregümü'nde 19-Nisan, Yakaören’de 24-Nisan, Gülköy ve Kavak'ta 13-Mayıs olarak saptanmıştır. ilk gonca görünümü Tepecik'teki gözlem bahçelerinde 12-Nisan’da olurken, hu tarih.Senir’de 15—20—Nisan, Deregümü'nde 24-Nisan, Yakaören’de 2-Mayıs, Gülköy ve Kavak'taki gözlem bahçelerinde 18-Mayıs olarak bulunmuştur. Haşatın gözlem bahçelerinden en erken olarak Tepecik'te (7-Mayıs), en geç ise Gülköy ve Kavak'ta (16-17-Haziran) başladığı görülmüştür. Deregümü'nde ilk hasatlar 19-21-Mayıs, Yakaören'de 29-Mayıs, Senir'de ise 10-13-Mayıs Tarihlerinde yapılmıştır. Yapılan gözlemler esnasında haşatın zamanında yapılmadığı gibi, güllerin uygun olmayan şekilde taşınarak muhafaza edildikleride görülmektedir. Bunun sonucu olarak elde edilen yağ kaliteside düşük olmaktadır. özellikle son yıllarda Türk gülyağlarmda çok düşük bir ihracat ve artan stoklama ile birlikte bölgede gülcülüğün önemini yitirmekte olduğu görülmektedir. Temel olarak, incelemeler sonucunda bölgede gülcülüğün yeniden canlanması için dikkate alınması gereken konular aşağıda özetlenmiştir. 1. Mevcut bahçelerde verim ve kalitenin arttırılması yolunda çalışmalar yapılmalıdır. 2. Güllerde hastalık ve zararlılarla mücadeleye gereken önem verilmelidir. 3. Hasatları geç saatlerde yapılan güllerde verim ve kalite kayıpları meydana gelmektedir. Üreticilerin bu konuda bilinçlendirilerek haşatın en uygun zamanda yapılması sağlanmalıdır. 4. Hasat edilen güller fabrikaya uygun taşıma yöntemleriyle en kısa zamanda getirilmelidir. 5. Gülyağı temininden sonra dışarıya atılan posaların değerlendirilmesine çalışılmalıdır. 6. Köylü tipi gülyağı üretimi önlenerek köylü üreticilere bu konuda gerekli yardımlar yapılmalıdır. 7. Elde kalan gülyağı ile yeni gülyagınm karıştırılmaması için uzmanlarca sık sık kontroller yapılmalıdır. 3. Konkretin düşük fiatla ihraç -edilmemesi için gerekli önlemler alınmalıdır. 9. Gülyağı pazarlamasında aracılar yerine doğrudan doğruya pazarlara girme yolları araştırılmalıdır. 10. Parfüm sanayinin ülkemizdede kurulabilmesi için gerekli araştırma ve çalışmalar yapılmalıdır. 11. Gülyağlarımızm dış pazarlarda tanınması konusunda daha itinalı çalışılmalıdır. 12. Türkiye’nin en büyük gülyağı üreticisi olan Gülbirlik, üreticiye olan borcunu ödeyebilmek için elindeki gülyağını ucuza satmaktadır. Devletin bu konuya bir çözüm getirmesi ve bu birliğe yardım etmesi gerekmektedir. 13. Tüketimi sınırlı olan gülyağı ve kcnkrat üretiminde büyük bir enflasyon yaşanmaktadır. Bu nedenle üretimin ayarlanması yolunda çarelerin düşünülmesi gerekmektedir. 14. Gülcülüğün garanti altına alınması için devlet gülyağı pazarlamasına önemle eğilmelidir.This study was conducted during March-June 1991 period in Tepecik and Senir villages (early) of Keçiborlu county of İsparta province, Deregümü and Yakaören villages (moderately early) of İsparta çenter and Gülköy and Kavak villages (late) of Keçiborlu county on damask-rose CRosaı damescana Mill.)with this purpose, 2 grower gardens were selected from each village, and 20 plants each were selected from each grower garden and phenological observations were conducted with these plants in . gardens general. In these observations, the first foliage, full foliage, first-bud stage and harvest beginning dates were determined. Nearby, the problems in this area were investigated and Solutions to them were proposed. The first foliage in the observation gardens was seen to begin the earliest in Tepecik (13-14 March) and the latest in Gülköy and Kavak (22 April). In Senir the first foliage began on 16-17 March, in Deregümü on 21 March and in Yakaören on 25 March. Full foliage dates were determined as 8 April in Tepecik, 11-15 April in Senir , 24 April in Yakaören, 13 May in Kavak. First bud appearance was found as 12 April in the observation gardens in Tepecik where as it was 15-20 April in Senir, 24 April in Deregümü, 2 May in Yakaören, 18 may in Gülköy and Kavak. The harvest was seen to begin earliest in Tepecik (7 May) and the latest in Gülköy and Kavak (16-17 June). The first harvests in Deregümü were done on 19-21 May, in yakaören on 29 May, in Senir on 10-13 May. During the observations, it was seen that the harvest was not done on time and the roses were transported and stored in unsuitable ways . As a result, the guality of oil obtained is low. It was observed that the rose growing in the region has been losing its importance through a decline in the exportation and on increase in the stocks, especially in recent years. As a result of investigations, the subjects to be taken into consideration in order to iır.prove the rose groving in the region are basically summarized as follows: 1. Studies should be conducted in order to improve the yield and guality in the gardens. 2. importance should be given to combat with the rose diseases and pests. 3. Yield and guality losses occur with the roses harvested in late hours of the day. The growers should be demonstrated about this fact in order to provide them to do the harvest at the optimum time. 4. The harvested roses should be brought to the factory in the shortest time using suitable transport methods. 5. The waste parts discarded after rose oil extraction must be evaluated. 6. In order to avoid the "villager type" rose oil production, necessary assistance should be provided to villager growers

Turbulence and stratification in Priest Pot, a productive pond in a sheltered environment.

Priest Pot is an example of the abundant ponds which, collectively, contribute crucially to species diversity. Despite extensive biological study, little has been reported about the physical framework which supports its ecological richness. This paper elucidates the physical character of Priest Pot�s water column and thus that of similar waterbodies. Vertical thermal microstructure profiles were recorded during summer 2003, and analysed alongside concurrent meteorological data. During summer stratification, the thermal structure appeared to be dominated by surface heat fluxes. Surface wind stress, limited by sheltering vegetation, caused turbulent overturns once a surface mixed layer was present, but appeared to contribute little to setting up the thermal structure. Variations in full-depth mean stratification occurred pre-dominantly over seasonal and ~5-day time scales, the passage of atmospheric pressure systems being posited as the cause of the latter. In the uppermost ~0.5 m, where the stratification varied at sub-daily time scales, turbulence was active (sensu Ivey and Imberger, 1991) when this layer was mixed, with dissipation values � ~ 10-8 m2s-3 and vertical diffusivity KZ = 10-4-10-6 m2s-1. Where the water column was stratified, turbulence was strongly damped by both buoyancy and viscosity and KZ was an order of magnitude smaller. Vertical transport in the mixed layer occurred via many small overturns (Thorpe scale rms and maximum values typically 0.02m and 0.10m respectively) and seston were fully mixed through the water column