3,462 research outputs found
Paper Session II-B - The Emergence of Inland Spaceports
The unfulfilled demand for economical access to space has slowed the progress of many potential commercial projects stemming from NASA research. The commercialization of space is the next major business development on the horizon when the cost to launch can be reduced. This search will ultimately produce reusable launch vehicles. Coinciding with that development will be the demand for additional launch locations. This will lead many companies, such as telecommunications companies, aerospace developers and the newcomers to the travel industry, space tourism companies, to seek launch alternatives for development, testing and launches. At the state level, many lawmakers and economic development specialists have kept a vigilant watch on this current situation and have begun making strides toward establishing new facilities that are owned and operated by state governments. Unlike existing federal launch facilities, many of these facilities are being developed in inland states, such as Oklahoma. These inland spaceports offer the space industry an economically-feasible alternative to the federal launch facilities. This paper will examine the emergence of inland spaceports throughout the US, particularly the progress being made in Oklahoma. Various subtopics the paper will address include legislative needs, funding requirements, barriers and benefits to private industry. Further, readers will find information regarding the effects an inland spaceport may have on a community that is not yet accustomed to the idea
Type VI Secretion System and Its Effectors PdpC, PdpD, and OpiA Contribute to; Francisella; Virulence in Galleria mellonella Larvae
Francisella tularensis causes the deadly zoonotic disease tularemia in humans and is able to infect a broad range of organisms including arthropods, which are thought to play a major role in; Francisella; transmission. However, while mammalian; in vitro; and; in vivo; infection models are widely used to investigate; Francisella; pathogenicity, a detailed characterization of the major; Francisella; virulence factor, a noncanonical type VI secretion system (T6SS), in an arthropod; in vivo; infection model is missing. Here, we use Galleria mellonella larvae to analyze the role of the; Francisella; T6SS and its corresponding effectors in F. tularensis subsp.; novicida; virulence. We report that G. mellonella larvae killing depends on the functional T6SS and infectious dose. In contrast to other mammalian; in vivo; infection models, even one of the T6SS effectors PdpC, PdpD, or OpiA is sufficient to kill G. mellonella larvae, while sheath recycling by ClpB is dispensable. We further demonstrate that treatment by polyethylene glycol (PEG) activates; Francisella; T6SS in liquid culture and that this is independent of the response regulator PmrA. PEG-activated IglC secretion is dependent on T6SS structural component PdpB but independent of putative effectors PdpC, PdpD, AnmK, OpiB; 1; , OpiB; 2; , and OpiB; 3; . The results of larvae infection and secretion assay suggest that AnmK, a putative T6SS component with unknown function, interferes with OpiA-mediated toxicity but not with general T6SS activity. We establish that the easy-to-use G. mellonella larvae infection model provides new insights into the function of T6SS and pathogenesis of; Francisella;
The relationship between the Wigner-Weyl kinetic formalism and the complex geometrical optics method
The relationship between two different asymptotic techniques developed in
order to describe the propagation of waves beyond the standard geometrical
optics approximation, namely, the Wigner-Weyl kinetic formalism and the complex
geometrical optics method, is addressed. More specifically, a solution of the
wave kinetic equation, relevant to the Wigner-Weyl formalism, is obtained which
yields the same wavefield intensity as the complex geometrical optics method.
Such a relationship is also discussed on the basis of the analytical solution
of the wave kinetic equation specific to Gaussian beams of electromagnetic
waves propagating in a ``lens-like'' medium for which the complex geometrical
optics solution is already available.Comment: Extended version comprising two new section
Global turbulence simulations of the tokamak edge region with GRILLIX
Turbulent dynamics in the scrape-off layer (SOL) of magnetic fusion devices
is intermittent with large fluctuations in density and pressure. Therefore, a
model is required that allows perturbations of similar or even larger magnitude
to the time-averaged background value. The fluid-turbulence code GRILLIX is
extended to such a global model, which consistently accounts for large
variation in plasma parameters. Derived from the drift reduced Braginskii
equations, the new GRILLIX model includes electromagnetic and electron-thermal
dynamics, retains global parametric dependencies and the Boussinesq
approximation is not applied. The penalisation technique is combined with the
flux-coordinate independent (FCI) approach [F. Hariri and M. Ottaviani,
Comput.Phys.Commun. 184:2419, (2013); A. Stegmeir et al., Comput.Phys.Commun.
198:139, (2016)], which allows to study realistic diverted geometries with
X-point(s) and general boundary contours. We characterise results from
turbulence simulations and investigate the effect of geometry by comparing
simulations in circular geometry with toroidal limiter against realistic
diverted geometry at otherwise comparable parameters. Turbulence is found to be
intermittent with relative fluctuation levels of up to 40% showing that a
global description is indeed important. At the same time via direct comparison,
we find that the Boussinesq approximation has only a small quantitative impact
in a turbulent environment. In comparison to circular geometry the fluctuations
are reduced in diverted geometry, which is related to a different zonal flow
structure. Moreover, the fluctuation level has a more complex spatial
distribution in diverted geometry. Due to local magnetic shear, which differs
fundamentally in circular and diverted geometry, turbulent structures become
strongly distorted in the perpendicular direction and are eventually damped
away towards the X-point
Mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders in the ICD-11 : An international perspective on key changes and controversies
The Author(s). 2020Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, andreproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link tothe Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.An update of the chapter on Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) is of great interest around the world. The recent approval of the 11th Revision of the ICD (ICD-11) by the World Health Organization (WHO) raises broad questions about the status of nosology of mental disorders as a whole as well as more focused questions regarding changes to the diagnostic guidelines for specific conditions and the implications of these changes for practice and research. This Forum brings together a broad range of experts to reflect on key changes and controversies in the ICD-11 classification of mental disorders. Taken together, there is consensus that the WHO's focus on global applicability and clinical utility in developing the diagnostic guidelines for this chapter will maximize the likelihood that it will be adopted by mental health professionals and administrators. This focus is also expected to enhance the application of the guidelines in non-specialist settings and their usefulness for scaling up evidence-based interventions. The new mental disorders classification in ICD-11 and its accompanying diagnostic guidelines therefore represent an important, albeit iterative, advance for the field.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio
Informal ActionâAdjudicationâRule Making: Some Recent Developments in Federal Administrative Law
Direct energy consumption of ICT hardware is only âhalf the story.â In order to get the âwhole story,â energy consumption during the entire life cycle has to be taken into account. This chapter is a first step toward a more comprehensive picture, showing the âgrey energyâ (i.e., the overall energy requirements) as well as the releases (into air, water, and soil) during the entire life cycle of exemplary ICT hardware devices by applying the life cycle assessment method. The examples calculated show that a focus on direct energy consumption alone fails to take account of relevant parts of the total energy consumption of ICT hardware as well as the relevance of the production phase. As a general tendency, the production phase is more and more important the smaller (and the more energy-efficient) the devices are. When in use, a tablet computer is much more energy-efficient than a desktop computer system with its various components, so its production phase has a much greater relative importance. Accordingly, the impacts due to data transfer when using Internet services are also increasingly relevant the smaller the end-user device is, reaching up to more than 90Â % of the overall impact when using a tablet computer.QC 20140825</p
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN THE REINFORCED CONCRETE SUPPORT BEAM BRACKET EXPOSED TO DAMAGE
The article presents analysis of stress distribution in the reinforced concrete support beam bracket which is a component of prefabricated reinforced concrete building. The building structure is spatial frame where dilatations were applied. The proper stiffness of its structure is provided by frames with stiff joints, monolithic lift shifts and staircases. The prefabricated slab floors are supported by beam shelves which are shaped as inverted letter âTâ. Beams are supported by the column brackets. In order to lower the storey height and fulfill the architectural demands at the same time, the designer lowered the height of beam at the support zone. The analyzed case refers to the bracket zone where the slant crack. on the support beam bracket was observed. It could appear as a result of overcrossing of allowable tension stresses in reinforced concrete, in the bracket zone. It should be noted that the construction solution applied, i.e. concurrent support of the âundercutâ beam on the column bracket causes local concentration of stresses in the undercut zone where the strongest transverse forces and tangent stresses occur concurrently. Some additional rectangular stresses being a result of placing the slab floors on the lower part of beam shelves sum up with those described above
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Investigation of pin-post monochromators for a wiggler beamline
Three water-cooled pin-post monochromators, to be used on a wiggler beamline at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), were built with the heat exchanger engineered to provide very high heat transfer. The geometry of the heat exchanger as well as calculated data on the heat transfer will be presented. Before using the monochromators on the beamline, they were checked by x-ray diffraction topography. Reflections (333) and (220) in Bragg case were utilized. In all crystals, similar patterns of strain in the diffracting silicon layers were revealed, which can be attributed to the geometry of the heat exchangers, the bonding technology, and the thickness of the top layer. Conclusions about construction of future pin-post monochromators have been drawn
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