Effect of Capital Expenditure on Socio-Economic Development of Libya from 1970 to 2005

The effects of government expenditure and its size have stimulated controversy in macro economics in recent time especially on a long run economic growth. Public expenditure policies respecting sound government finances are key to fostering growth and preserving macroeconomic stability because public expenditure supports growth via public services. Libyan government expenditure has been on the increase for some time now. The problem is how effective (in terms of stimulating economic growth) are the government expenditure and what we the causes of this increasing government expenditure.This paper is based on an economic analysis of Libya's capital expenditure on socio-economic development during the period 1970-2005. In addition, the research is aimed at finding the causes of the increase in Libya's government expenditure from 1970 to 2005 and what is going to be the impact of such increase on the economic growth. The data is sourced from annual report of Central Bank of Libya from the period of 1970-2005. In addition, to estimate the effect of government expenditure on economic growth, the Error Correction and Granger Causality Model are estimated (for effect of economic growth on government expenditure as well). The findings indicate that no consistent evidence that changes in government spending has an impact on per capita real output growth. The flow of causality seems to be running in the other direction from output growth to government spending. Therefore, an important implication of the analysis for the conduct of public policy in Libya is that the government can face its deficit by shrinking its size and limiting its role in the economy

Analysis of Heavy Metals Distribution in the River Town of Hamasaki\u27s Rod Padangsidimpuan

Systems of waste management in Padangsidimpuan City is an open dumping system. The location of the Padangsidimpuan City landfill is carried out at the Batu Bola TPA located in Batu Bola Village which is 120 meters from the Batang Ayumi river flow. Continuous landfill in the landfill produces pollutants in the form of leachate. Leachate contains organic materials and heavy metals. Heavy metals that are often found in leachate water are Iron (Fe) cadmium (Cd) and Zinc (Zn). This research aims to know the quality of the water of the Batang Ayumi river in terms of the content of heavy metals Cd, Zn, and Fe. This research uses descriptive exploratory method by conducting a survey first. The determination of the sampling location using purposive sampling method at four stations specified. River water sampling is carried out twice, before and after rain. This research uses an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer tool. The data obtained were analyzed by comparing research data with water quality standards based on PP. No. 82 of 2001 to look at the conditions of the heavy metal pollution of Cd, Zn and Fe. The results of this study showed that the average concentration of the metal content Cd, Zn and Fe werw below the specified quality threshold, namely the concentration of metal Cd of all stations is 0.0009 mg/l, a concentration of metal Fe is 0.03 mg/l, and concentration of Zn metal is 0.0002 mg/l

Glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1, CYP1A2-2467T/delT polymorphisms and non small-cell lung cancer risk in Tunisian sample

The present study investigated the impact of metabolic gene polymorphisms in modulating lung cancer risk susceptibility. Gene polymorphisms encoding Cytochrome 1A2 (CYP1A2) and Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTT1 and GSTM1) are involved in the bioactivation and detoxification of tobacco carcinogens and may therefore affect lung cancer risk. In order to assess association between lung cancer and GSTT1, GSTM1 and CYP1A2-2467T/delT, variant allele (CYP1A2*1D) polymorphisms, a case–control study of healthy and smoking lung cancer patients in Tunisian population was conducted. Polymorphisms of GSTs were assayed by multiplex PCR. Genotype polymorphism of CYP1A2*1D was determined by PCR-RFLP assay. Odds Ratio was used for analysing results. There was no association with any increase of lung cancer risk in GSTT1 null genotype [OR: 0.83 (0.47–1.45)] as well as in GSTM1 null genotype [OR: 0.78 (0.37–1.62)]. However, a significant association between lung cancer and the homozygous mutate variant of the CYP1A2 [(OR =4.7 (1.55–29.78)] was observed.Keywords: GSTT1; GSTTM1; CYP1A2; Polymorphisms; Lung cance

Fit to practise? Processes for dealing with misconduct among pharmacists in Australia, Canada, the UK and US

© 2018 Elsevier Inc.In many countries with legal systems based on English common law, pharmacy regulators have a responsibility to protect, promote and maintain the health and safety of patients. Where there is a potential risk to patient safety, or where the public's confidence in pharmacy could be adversely affected by the actions of a pharmacist, these regulators have a statutory duty to investigate concerns. The legal provisions underpinning each jurisdiction's disciplinary processes depict distinctive outlooks from the different authorities, as each works towards the same goal. Legal statues, regulations, rules, and guidance affecting the disciplinary process in Great Britain, Australia, New York and New Brunswick were collated, and the processes they describe were attached to a common process flow diagram for step-by-step evaluation of their respective legal provisions. The initial stages of the respective investigation process are broadly similar in all the jurisdictions examined; however, each process has subtle differences that afford some level of advantage or disadvantage over its comparators. Factors including: how matters of discipline are framed; the existence of a separate process for minor and uncontested violations; the ability to effect an interim suspension of a practitioner's license; threshold criteria for escalation of complaints; the membership of disciplinary panels; and the perceived independence of these panels all philosophically affect the public safety remit of each regulator. This work constitutes the first comparison of international regulatory frameworks for the profession of pharmacy. Of the four jurisdictions examined, Great Britain most clearly acts in the interest of the public and the profession – rather than the respondent pharmacist – at every step of its process.Peer reviewe

Synthesis of aminocyanopyrazoles via a multi-component reaction and anti-carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity of their sulfamide derivatives against cytosolic and transmembrane isoforms

A convenient protocol for the multicomponent reaction (MCRs) between malononitrile with an orthoester and hydrazine derivatives, under acid catalyst is described. A series of aminocyanopyrazoles 4 was prepared, isolated and characterized. These pyrazoles reacted with sodium nitrite followed by secondary amine reagent and with formic acid to lead pyrazolotriazines 6 and pyrazolopyrimidinones 7. Some of the aminopyrazoles were converted to the corresponding sulfamides by reaction with sulfamoyl chloride. The aminopyrazoles incorporating phenyl and tosyl moieties were tested as inhibitors of four carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms, the human (h) hCA I, II, IX and XII. Many of them showed low micromolar or submicromolar inhibition of these enzymes. The corresponding sulfamides were low nanomolar CA inhibitors

Analisis Tipe Longsoran Daerah Pohe Kota Gorontalo Berdasarkan Orientasi Struktur Geologi

Administratively, the research area is located in Pohe Village, Hulonthalangi sub-district, Gorontalo City, Gorontalo Province. Astronomically, the research area is at coordinates 00030'16.10"- 00030'41.58" north latitude and 12302'36.10"- 12303'19.55" east longitude. The purpose of this study was to analyze the type of landslide based on the orientation of the geological structure of the Pohe area and the type of landslide based on the orientation of the geological structure of the Pohe area. The method used in this research is retrieval of field data, namely lithological data, geological structure data and slope data of the research area, then structural data processing using dips 6.0 software application and analyzed using stereographic projections. Based on the results of identification and stereographic analysis, it shows that in the research area there are 2 types of landslides, namely plane failure and toppling failure. The type of plane failure is found at stations 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, and 1.6. While the type of landslide toppling failure is found at stations 1.5, 1.7, and 1.8

Characterization and inhibition studies of an α-carbonic anhydrase from the endangered sturgeon species Acipenser gueldenstaedti.

An α-carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) was purified and characterized kinetically from erythrocytes of the sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedti, an endangered species. The sturgeon enzyme (AgCA) showed kinetic parameters for the CO(2) hydration reaction comparable with those of the human erythrocytes enzyme hCA II, being a highly active enzyme, whereas its esterase activity with 4-nitrophenyl acetate as substrate was lower. Sulphonamide inhibitors (acetazolamide, sulphanilamide) strongly inhibited AgCA, whereas metal ions (Ag(+), Zn(2+), Cu(2+) and Co(2+)) were weak, millimolar inhibitors. Several widely used pesticides (2,4-dichlorophenol, dithiocarbamates, parathion and carbaryl) were also assayed as inhibitors of this enzyme. The dithiocarbamates were low micromolar AgCA inhibitors (IC(50) of 16-18 μM), whereas the other pesticides inhibited the enzyme with IC(50)s in the range of 102-398 μM. The wide use of dithiocarbamate pesticides may be one of the factors enhancing the vulnerability of this sturgeon species to pollutants