PAN AIR: A computer program for predicting subsonic or supersonic linear potential flows about arbitrary configurations using a higher order panel method. Volume 3: Case manual (version 1.0)

Numerous applications of the PAN AIR computer program system are presented. PAN AIR is user-oriented tool for analyzing and/or designing aerodynamic configurations in subsonic or supersonic flow using a technique generally referred to as a higher order panel method. Problems solved include simple wings in subsonic and supersonic flow, a wing-body in supersonic flow, wing with deflected flap in subsonic flow, design of two-dimensional and three-dimensional wings, axisymmetric nacelle in supersonic flow, and wing-canard-tail-nacelle-fuselage combination in supersonic flow

A higher order panel method for linearized supersonic flow

The basic integral equations of linearized supersonic theory for an advanced supersonic panel method are derived. Methods using only linear varying source strength over each panel or only quadratic doublet strength over each panel gave good agreement with analytic solutions over cones and zero thickness cambered wings. For three dimensional bodies and wings of general shape, combined source and doublet panels with interior boundary conditions to eliminate the internal perturbations lead to a stable method providing good agreement experiment. A panel system with all edges contiguous resulted from dividing the basic four point non-planar panel into eight triangular subpanels, and the doublet strength was made continuous at all edges by a quadratic distribution over each subpanel. Superinclined panels were developed and tested on s simple nacelle and on an airplane model having engine inlets, with excellent results

The cost-effectiveness of an updated theory-based online health behavior intervention for new university students: U@Uni2

Background: The transition to university marks a point where young people may be open to changing health behaviours such as smoking, exercise, diet and alcohol intake. This study aimed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of an updated online health behaviour intervention for new university students in the UK – “U@Uni2”, compared with both a control (measurement only) scenario and with the original intervention (“U@Uni1”). Methods: The economic analysis, based on a randomised controlled trial, comprised a detailed costing analysis, a within-trial cost-effectiveness analysis and long-term economic modelling. Cost-effectiveness of the U@Uni2 trial was estimated using 6-month data on costs and health-related quality of life. An individual patient simulation model was adapted for long-term economic analysis of U@Uni2. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis and value of information analysis accounted for uncertainty in model inputs and identified key parameters. Results: The U@Uni2 intervention costs £45.97 per person for full implementation, £10.43 per person for roll-out in a different institution and £3.03 per person for roll-out over five years. The U@Uni2 trial was not cost-effective because marginally fewer quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were obtained in the intervention arm than control. However, modelled over a lifetime, U@Uni2 is estimated to produce more QALYs than control but fewer than U@Uni1, primarily due to the effect of the interventions on smoking. Roll-out of U@Uni2 is highly likely to be more cost-effective than doing nothing (ICER = £536 per QALY, 86% probability cost-effective). Decision uncertainty occurs primarily around the effectiveness of the U@Uni2 intervention and is worth up to £3.24m. Conclusions: The U@Uni2 intervention is highly likely to be cost-effective to roll-out compared with doing nothing. The results suggest that preventing uptake of smoking is the key driver of QALY gain and should be the primary target of such interventions. Trial Registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN6768418

Do Self-Incentives and Self-Rewards Change Behavior? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Encouraging people to self-incentivize (i.e., to reward themselves in the future if they are successful in changing their behavior) or self-reward (i.e., prompt people to reward themselves once they have successfully changed their behavior) are techniques that are frequently embedded within complex behavior change interventions. However, it is not clear whether self-incentives or self-rewards per se are effective at bringing about behavior change. Nine databases were searched alongside manual searching of systematic reviews and online research registers. One thousand four hundred papers were retrieved, spanning a range of behaviors, though the majority of included papers were in the domain of “health psychology”. Ten studies matched the inclusion criteria for self-incentive but no studies were retrieved for self-reward. The present systematic review and meta-analysis is therefore the first to evaluate the unique effect of self-incentives on behavior change. Effect sizes were retrieved from seven of the ten studies. Analysis of the seven studies produced a very small pooled effect size for self-incentives (k=7; N=1,161), which was statistically significant, d+=0.17, CI=0.06 to 0.29. The weak effect size and dearth of studies raises the question of why self-incentivizing is such a widely employed component of behavior change interventions. The present research opens up a new field of inquiry to establish: (a) whether or not self-incentivizing and self-rewarding are effective behavior change techniques, (b) if self-incentives and self-rewards need to be deployed alongside other behavior change techniques, and (c) when and for whom self-incentives and self-rewards could support effective behavior change

2-Aminoacetophenone as a potential breath biomarker for Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the cystic fibrosis lung

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </it>infections are associated with progressive life threatening decline of lung function in cystic fibrosis sufferers. Growth of <it>Ps. aeruginosa </it>releases a "grape-like" odour that has been identified as the microbial volatile organic compound 2-aminoacetophenone (2-AA).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We investigated 2-AA for its specificity to <it>Ps. aeruginosa </it>and its suitability as a potential breath biomarker of colonisation or infection by Solid Phase Micro Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Cultures of 20 clinical strains of <it>Ps. aeruginosa </it>but not other respiratory pathogens had high concentrations of 2-AA in the head space of <it>in vitro </it>cultures when analysed by GC/MS. 2-AA was stable for 6 hours in deactivated glass sampling bulbs but was not stable in Tedlar^®bags. Optimisation of GC/MS allowed detection levels of 2-AA to low pico mol/mol range in breath. The 2-AA was detected in a significantly higher proportion of subjects colonised with <it>Ps. aeruginosa </it>15/16 (93.7%) than both the healthy controls 5/17 (29%) (p < 0.0002) and CF patients not colonised with <it>Ps. aeruginosa </it>4/13(30.7%) (p < 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of the 2-AA breath test compared to isolation of <it>Ps. aeruginosa </it>in sputum and/or BALF was 93.8% (95% CI, 67-99) and 69.2% (95% CI, 38-89) respectively. The peak integration values for 2-AA analysis in the breath samples were significantly higher in <it>Ps. aeruginosa </it>colonised subjects (median 242, range 0-1243) than the healthy controls (median 0, range 0-161; p < 0.001) and CF subjects not colonised with <it>Ps. aeruginosa </it>(median 0, range 0-287; p < 0.003)</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results report 2-AA as a promising breath biomarker for the detection of <it>Ps. aeruginosa </it>infections in the cystic fibrosis lung.</p

What are the environmental factors that affect implementation of the Manchester Healthy Schools programme? A qualitative exploration of staff perspectives

Objectives: Primary/elementary schools are crucial settings for early weight management interventions but effects on children’s weight are small. This may be because the environments in which these schools are situated support unhealthy behaviours that lead to weight gain (obesogenic environments). Staff working in schools have a unique insight into the environmental factors that might affect their efforts to support child health and weight management interventions. The aim of this study is to explore the views of staff in relation to the perceived effects of the environmental context in which they deliver a child health promotion intervention. Methods: Staff from five schools involved in delivering the Manchester Healthy Schools programme were interviewed (N=19). These interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Results: Three themes were produced: opportunities to be healthy; importance of funding, resources and governance; and resources available to households and neighbourhoods. Conclusion: The views of school staff were consistent with themes identified in other relevant literature. Although there were serendipitous opportunities to capitalise on local resources, such as using nearby land and leisure facilities for outdoor physical activities, many barriers relating to local environmental and resource features were reported. Joined up, multi-agency solutions such as place-based approaches might be able to offer schools some resource-based support; however, more research is needed to establish the best way to achieve the best outcomes for children

Practical Implementation of a General Numerical Lifting-Line Method

A general numerical lifting-line method provides corrections to overcome the singularities inherent in the lifting-line downwash integrals in certain cases. These singularities have previously limited the scope of lifting-line theory to straight wings not in sideslip; in all other cases, more traditional numerical approaches to solving Prandtl\u27s hypothesis fail to grid converge. However, this general numerical lifting-line method grid converges even for swept wings and wings in sideslip. In the current work, we apply the general numerical lifting-line method to any number of wings with arbitrary geometry. We also provide a dimensional derivation of the basic general numerical lifting-line equations and discuss how airfoil section properties can be corrected for sweep. We develop a linearized system of equations and a nonlinear improvement method to solve the general numerical lifting-line equations. Results show that placing the lifting-line on the wing locus of aerodynamic centers, as done by others, may not yield the most accurate results. Comparisons with published data reveal that the general numerical lifting-line method can accurately predict the lift distribution for swept wings

Investigating Which Behaviour Change Techniques Work for Whom in Which Contexts Delivered by What Means: Proposal for an International Collaboratory of Centres for Understanding Behaviour Change (CUBiC)

Purpose Behaviour change techniques are fundamental to the development of any behaviour change intervention, but surprisingly little is known about their properties. Key questions include when, why, how, in which contexts, for which behaviours, in what combinations, compared with what, and for whom behaviour change techniques are typically effective. The aims of the present paper are to: (1) articulate the scope of the challenge in understanding the properties of behaviour change techniques, (2) propose means by which to tackle this problem, and (3) call scientists to action. Methods Iterative consensus (O’Connor et al., 2020, Br. J. Psychol., e12468) was used to elicit and distil the judgements of experts on how best to tackle the problem of understanding the nature and operation of behaviour change techniques. Results We propose a worldwide network of ‘Centres for Understanding Behaviour Change’ (CUBiC) simultaneously undertaking research to establish what are the single and combined properties of behaviour change techniques across multiple behaviours and populations. We additionally provide a first attempt to systematize an approach that CUBiC could use to understand behaviour change techniques and to begin to harness the efforts of researchers worldwide. Conclusion Better understanding of behaviour change techniques is vital for improving behaviour change interventions to tackle global problems such as obesity and recovery from COVID‐19. The CUBiC proposal is just one of many possible solutions to the problems that the world faces and is a call to action for scientists to work collaboratively to gain deeper understanding of the underpinnings of behaviour change interventions

A Multi-Fidelity Prediction of Aerodynamic and Sonic Boom Characteristics of the JAXA Wing Body

This paper presents a detailed comparison between the linear panel solver PANAIR A502 and the in-house Navier–Stokes solver UNS3D for a supersonic low-boom geometry. The high-fidelity flow solver was used to predict both the inviscid and laminar flow about the aircraft geometry. The JAXA wing body was selected as the supersonic low-boom geometry for this study. A comparison of the undertrack near-field pressure signatures showed good agreement between the three levels of model fidelity along the first 0.8L of the signature. Large oscillations in the PANAIR results were observed. The PANAIR discrepancies were traced back to violations of the underlying assumptions within PANAIR: (1) small perturbation velocities and (2) no regions of transonic flow. These violations were due to large changes in surface curvature resulting in a strong expansion wave. While investigating the PANAIR discrepancy, measures of the fundamental assumptions of the Prandtl-Glauert equation used by PANAIR were quantified and used to assess the applicability of PANAIR to a given problem. Further comparison of surface temperatures predicted between the inviscid and laminar solutions was made. It was found that the recovery temperatures predicted by the inviscid solution were 5% less than those predicted by the laminar solution in likely candidate regions for distributed adaptivity. A surface deformation was added to the forward portion of the geometry to asses the viability of a future optimization study in this region. In this study, it was found that the near-field and ground signatures predicted by PANAIR and the UNS3D solutions responded in similar manners to the deformation