A didactic experience dedicated to the quality of life in Caceres

En muchas ocasiones se ha aludido en la Enseñanza a las experiencias didácticas llevadas a cabo en el entorno más inmediato al alumno, en este caso la ciudad. Es un proyecto que no sólo pretende trasladar las enseñanzas académicas del aula a la calle, sino también traspasar el estricto marco académico y acercar al alumno al reconocimiento, reflexión y evaluación de los problemas de la calidad de vida en las ciudades. Ese es el objetivo primordial de nuestro proyecto: estudiar la calidad de vida en la ciudad de Cáceres desde una óptica científica pero a la vez comprensible por un sector de población entre los quince y los dieciséis años: los alumnos de 2 de BUP de I.B. "Norba Caesarina".Many times we have discussed the specialised experiences carried out in teaching about the nearest surrowndings of the pupil, in this case, the city. It is a project which not only tries to transfer the academic lessons from the class room to the street, but also penetrate the strict academic atmosphere and bring the pupil closer to recognition, reflexion and evaluation of the problems of the quality of life in the cities. This is the main objective of our project: studying the quality of lije in the city of Caceres from a scientific point of view but at the same time adapting it to the level of the 15 to 16 year-old sector: the second year pupils of BUP of the I.B. "Norba Caesarina".peerReviewe

Una prueba empírica del modelo de Newby en la economía mexicana

Las relaciones comerciales entre México y Estados Unidos, han florecido en aras del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte, bajo el cual México se ha convertido en el segundo mayor asociado comercial de los Estados Unidos, tras Canadá, ya que el comercio total entre los Estados Unidos y México superó los $260 mil millones de dólares en 2000. Además, mucho se ha dicho en estudios realizados por diversas instituciones financieras internacionales, sobre el papel positivo o negativo que ejerce el desempeño económico de Estados Unidos sobre México. Esta influencia de la economía de Estados Unidos sobre México, se puede apreciar mayormente a partir de 2000, ya que la economía de Estados Unidos ha venido presentando un crecimiento económico irregular y se ha visto reflejado en el desempeño del mercado financiero mexicano. Desafortunadamente, aunque se ha presentado un moderado fortalecimiento del mercado de capitales y la existencia de un ambiente optimo para la inversión privada, la BMV continúa mostrando una estrecha relación con el comportamiento del mercado financiero de Estados Unidos. Por lo anterior se considera necesario estudiar la estrecha dependencia existente entre el desempeño económico y financiero de Estados Unidos y México, motivo por el cual el objetivo de este trabajo consiste en la aplicación del modelo de Newby, con el fin de determinar si es un estimador eficiente de la prima de riesgo del IPC de la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores, para el período de 2001 a 2006. Para realizar esta prueba empírica se tomaron datos del entorno macroeconómico norteamericano y mexicano, considerando la fuerte dependencia que existe de México con la economía norteamericana. Los resultados de la investigación no mostraron la evidencia suficiente para probar la hipótesis de investigación que afirmaba que el modelo de Newby era un estimador eficiente de la prima de riesgo del IPC para el periodo de estudio; sin embargo se deja abierta la posibilidad de desarrollar un modelo propio que incluya otras variables que pudieran incidir significativamente en el Mercado bursátil mexicano.Trade relations between Mexico and the United States have grown in the interests of North America Free Trade (NAFTA), under which Mexico has become the second largest trading partner of the United States, after Canada, the total trade between Mexico and the United States exceeded$ 260 billion dollars in 2000. In addition, much has been said in studies conducted by various international financial institutions, on the positive or negative role exerted by the economic performance of the United States on Mexico. This influence of the U.S. economy over Mexican economy can be seen mostly from 2000, as the U.S. economy has made an erratic economic growth and has been reflected in the performance of the Mexican financial market. Unfortunately, although there has been a moderate strengthening of the international capital market and the existence of an optimal environment for private investment, Mexican Stock Exchange (BMV) continues showing a closely relationship with the United States financial market behavior. Therefore it is considered necessary to study the high dependence between the economic and financial performance of the United States and Mexico, which is the aim of this work, the application of the Newby´s model, to determine if it is an efficiency estimator of the risk premium on the IPC for the Mexican Stock Exchange over the period 2001 to 2006. To perform this empirical test, data were taken from Mexican and U.S. macroeconomic environment, considering the strong dependence that exists between Mexico and the U.S. economy. The results showed no sufficient evidence to test the research hypothesis, stating that the Newby´s model was an efficient estimator of the risk premium of the IPC for the period of study, but opens the possibility to develop a model that includes itself other variables that could have a significant impact on the Canadian stock market

HIV coinfection predicts failure of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir in treatment-naïve noncirrhotic patients with HCV genotype

The efficacy of licensed direct-acting antiviral (DAA) regimens is assumed to be the same for hepatitis C virus (HCV)–monoinfected patients (HCV-Mono) and HIV/HCV-coinfected patients (HCV-Co). However, the high sustained viral response (SVR) rates of DAA regimens and the small number of HIV-infected patients included in registration trials have made it difficult to identify predictors of treatment failure, including the presence of HIV. Methods. We compared treatment outcomes for ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF) against HCV G1 in treatment-naïve HCV-Mono and HCV-Co without cirrhosis in a prospective registry of individuals receiving DAAs for HCV. Results. Up to September 2017, a total of 17 269 patients were registered, and 1358 patients (1055 HCV-Mono/303 HCV-Co) met the inclusion criteria. Significant differences between HCV-Mono and HCV-Co were observed for age, gender, and G1 subtype distribution. Among HCV-Co, 99.0% were receiving antiretroviral therapy. SVR rates for LDV/SOF at 8 weeks did not differ significantly between HCV-Mono and HCV-Co (96.9% vs 94.0%; P = .199). However, the SVR rate for LDV/SOF at 12 weeks was significantly higher for HCV-Mono than HCV-Co (97.2% vs 91.8%; P = .001). A multivariable logistic regression model including age, sex, liver stiffness, G1 subtype, HCV-RNA, HIV, and treatment duration showed the factors associated with treatment failure to be male sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27–4.91; P = .008) and HIV infection (aOR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.13–4.38; P = .020). Conclusions. The results of this large prospective study analyzing outcomes for LDV/SOF against HCV G1 in treatment-naïve noncirrhotic patients suggest that HIV infection is a predictor of treatment failure in patients with chronic hepatitis C.This work was supported by the Spanish AIDS Research Network (RD16/0025/0017), which is included in the Spanish I+D+I Plan and is co-financed by ISCIII-Subdirección General de Evaluacion and European Funding for Regional Development (FEDER), and the Fondo de Investigación de Sanidad en España (FIS)/Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spanish Health Research Funds; PI17/00657)

The synthetic molecule stauprimide impairs cell growth and migration in triple-negative breast cancer

Stauprimide, a semi-synthetic derivative of staurosporine, is known mainly for its potent differentiation-enhancing properties in embryonic stem cells. Here, we studied the effects of stauprimide in cell growth and migration of triple-negative breast cancer cells in vitro, evaluating its potential antitumoral activity in an orthotopic mouse model of breast cancer in vivo. Our results from survival curves, EdU incorporation, cell cycle analysis and annexin-V detection in MDA-MB-231 cells indicated that stauprimide inhibited cell proliferation, arresting cell cycle in G2/M without induction of apoptosis. A decrease in the migratory capability of MDA-MB-231 was also assessed in response to stauprimide. In this work we pointed to a mechanism of action of stauprimide involving the modulation of ERK1/2, Akt and p38 MAPK signalling pathways, and the downregulation of MYC in MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, orthotopic MDA-MB-231 xenograft and 4T1 syngeneic models suggested an effect of stauprimide in vivo, increasing the necrotic core of tumors and reducing metastasis in lung and liver of mice. Together, our results point to the promising role of stauprimide as a putative therapeutic agent in triple-negative breast cancer.MRI experiments were performed in the ICTS “NANBIOSIS”, more specifically in the U28 Unit at the Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine & Biotechnology (BIONAND). Cell cultures were performed in the Cell Culture Service at the Central Support Services of Research (SCAI) of the University of Málaga. // Partial funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga / CBUA

Caracterización de las niñas, niños y adolescentes desvinculados de los grupos armados ilegales: Inserción social y productiva desde un enfoque de Derechos Humanos: Introducción.

El reclutamiento ilícito es una de las formas de victimización a las que, con mayor frecuencia, se ven expuestos niños, niñas y adolescentes en escenarios de conflicto armado como el que estamos viviendo los colombianos en donde la población civil es la que resulta más afectada. Los grupos armados ilegales son los principales responsables de este delito, con el que incumplen las normas protectoras del derecho de los derechos humanos y el derecho internacional humanitario, lo mismo que el derecho penal internacional. Este fenómeno está asociado, igualmente, a situaciones como la ausencia de redes sociales, familiares, institucionales y comunitarias de protección de la infancia y la adolescencia, a políticas precarias de inclusión social para la niñez y la familia, al no reconocimiento de las y los niños como sujetos de derechos y a las diferentes manifestaciones de violencia en su contra (violencia sociopolítica, violencia intrafamiliar, delitos sexuales, explotación laboral infantil, etc.,); factores todos que remiten a la responsabilidad del Estado, la sociedad y la familia de la garantía y protección de los derechos de la infancia. Asumiendo la naturaleza compleja del fenómeno, las premisas éticas que su abordaje comporta y bajo un respeto profundo por las voces y percepciones de los niños, niñas y adolescentes participantes del estudio, la presente investigación “Caracterización de las niñas, niños y adolescentes desvinculados de los grupos armados ilegales: inserción social y productiva desde un enfoque de derechos humanos”, ofrece un análisis crítico, comprensivo y con rigor metodológico, de los factores que inciden en la realización de los derechos de la niñez y adolescencia víctima del delito de reclutamiento ilícito, según los distintos momentos asociados con la vinculación y desvinculación de esta población a los grupos armados ilegales y desde el punto de vista del interés superior de la infancia, la doctrina de protección integral, la perspectiva de los derechos de la infancia, la perspectiva de género, y el principio de corresponsabilidad. En desarrollo de la investigación se adelantó un riguroso análisis de los derechos a la vida, a la familia, a la educación, a la protección y al ejercicio de los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de los niños, niñas y adolescentes desvinculados de los grupos armados ilegales atendidos en los servicios del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar durante los meses de agosto y septiembre de 2005. Para tal efecto, se partió de un proceso de identificación de los factores socioeconómicos, familiares, personales y de la dinámica del conflicto, asociados a su vinculación y desvinculación de los grupos armados, así como de las condiciones que caracterizaron su reclutamiento y permanencia en tales organizaciones dentro del propósito de establecer cómo afecta y pone en riesgo el ejercicio y goce de los derechos mencionados. Se concluyó con la identificación y análisis de los factores que facilitan el proceso de inserción social y productiva durante su tránsito y egreso en los modelos de atención del ICBF. La presente investigación ofrece un universo rico en elementos de análisis para impulsar estrategias y acciones de intervención en la problemática del reclutamiento ilícito. Creemos que este estudio contiene un insumo importante para el cumplimiento de la responsabilidad de promover la efectividad de los derechos humanos de la población afectada y fomentar acciones transformadoras para la implementación de políticas públicas tanto en lo nacional como en lo local. Esperamos, entonces, que los hallazgos de la investigación contribuyan al diseño y ejecución de una política pública integral de infancia capaz de movilizar al Estado, la sociedad y la familia, lo mismo que a los grupos armados ilegales. Se requiere de medidas concretas y oportunas para la formulación, fortalecimiento y puesta en marcha de estrategias efectivas de inclusión social de la niñez y adolescencia colombiana como mecanismo de prevención del delito de reclutamiento ilícito y que permitan la inserción social y familiar de la población infantil y adolescente afectada por el mismo en el marco de una adecuada y coordinada complementariedad interinstitucional. Es importante señalar que esta investigación no hubiese sido posible sin el apoyo técnico y financiero brindado por el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia – UNICEF, en el marco del convenio interinstitucional suscrito desde 1995; período en el cual la Defensoría del Pueblo ha divulgado una serie de investigaciones sobre el nivel de realización de los derechos humanos de la infancia colombiana en el contexto del conflicto armado. Así mismo, cabe destacar la apertura y disposición del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar a través del Programa de Atención a Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes Desvinculados de los Grupos Armados Irregulares, la espontaneidad con la que los niños, niñas y adolescentes compartieron sus experiencias vitales y el apoyo permanente que brindaron las diferentes dependencias y equipos de la Defensoría del Pueblo que contribuyeron al adelanto y culminación de este proyecto de investigación. A todos ellos y ellas, gracias les sean rendidas

Memoria del III Coloquio Internacional sobre Diversidad Cultural y Estudios Regionales

Del 05 al 07 de noviembre de 2014 se llevó a cabo en la Sede de Occidente de la Universidad de Costa Rica, el III Coloquio Internacional sobre Diversidad Cultural y Estudios Regionales, dicado a Julieta Dobles Izaguirre, Premio Nacional de Cultura Magón, 2013. Este III Coloquio Internacional fue organizado por el Centro de Investigaciones sobre Diversidad Cultural y Estudios Regionales (CIDICER), primer Centro de Investigaciones de una Sede Regional de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Se contó con personas investigacdoras nacionales e internacionales quienes presentaron sobre temas relacionados con la diversidad cultural y los estudios regionales.Universidad de Costa Rica/[836-B4-702]/UCR/Costa RicaUCR::Sedes Regionales::Sede de Occidente::Recinto San Ramón::Centro de Investigaciones sobre Diversidad Cultural y Estudios Regionales (CIDICER

Detailed stratified GWAS analysis for severe COVID-19 in four European populations

Given the highly variable clinical phenotype of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a deeper analysis of the host genetic contribution to severe COVID-19 is important to improve our understanding of underlying disease mechanisms. Here, we describe an extended genome-wide association meta-analysis of a well-characterized cohort of 3255 COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure and 12 488 population controls from Italy, Spain, Norway and Germany/Austria, including stratified analyses based on age, sex and disease severity, as well as targeted analyses of chromosome Y haplotypes, the human leukocyte antigen region and the SARS-CoV-2 peptidome. By inversion imputation, we traced a reported association at 17q21.31 to a ~0.9-Mb inversion polymorphism that creates two highly differentiated haplotypes and characterized the potential effects of the inversion in detail. Our data, together with the 5th release of summary statistics from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative including non-Caucasian individuals, also identified a new locus at 19q13.33, including NAPSA, a gene which is expressed primarily in alveolar cells responsible for gas exchange in the lung.S.E.H. and C.A.S. partially supported genotyping through a philanthropic donation. A.F. and D.E. were supported by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Education and COVID-19 grant Research (BMBF; ID:01KI20197); A.F., D.E. and F.D. were supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Cluster of Excellence ‘Precision Medicine in Chronic Inflammation’ (EXC2167). D.E. was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the framework of the Computational Life Sciences funding concept (CompLS grant 031L0165). D.E., K.B. and S.B. acknowledge the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF14CC0001 and NNF17OC0027594). T.L.L., A.T. and O.Ö. were funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation), project numbers 279645989; 433116033; 437857095. M.W. and H.E. are supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) through the Research Training Group 1743, ‘Genes, Environment and Inflammation’. L.V. received funding from: Ricerca Finalizzata Ministero della Salute (RF-2016-02364358), Italian Ministry of Health ‘CV PREVITAL’—strategie di prevenzione primaria cardiovascolare primaria nella popolazione italiana; The European Union (EU) Programme Horizon 2020 (under grant agreement No. 777377) for the project LITMUS- and for the project ‘REVEAL’; Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda ‘Ricerca corrente’, Fondazione Sviluppo Ca’ Granda ‘Liver-BIBLE’ (PR-0391), Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda ‘5permille’ ‘COVID-19 Biobank’ (RC100017A). A.B. was supported by a grant from Fondazione Cariplo to Fondazione Tettamanti: ‘Bio-banking of Covid-19 patient samples to support national and international research (Covid-Bank). This research was partly funded by an MIUR grant to the Department of Medical Sciences, under the program ‘Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2018–2022’. This study makes use of data generated by the GCAT-Genomes for Life. Cohort study of the Genomes of Catalonia, Fundació IGTP (The Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol) IGTP is part of the CERCA Program/Generalitat de Catalunya. GCAT is supported by Acción de Dinamización del ISCIII-MINECO and the Ministry of Health of the Generalitat of Catalunya (ADE 10/00026); the Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR) (2017-SGR 529). M.M. received research funding from grant PI19/00335 Acción Estratégica en Salud, integrated in the Spanish National RDI Plan and financed by ISCIII-Subdirección General de Evaluación and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)-Una manera de hacer Europa’). B.C. is supported by national grants PI18/01512. X.F. is supported by the VEIS project (001-P-001647) (co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), ‘A way to build Europe’). Additional data included in this study were obtained in part by the COVICAT Study Group (Cohort Covid de Catalunya) supported by IsGlobal and IGTP, European Institute of Innovation & Technology (EIT), a body of the European Union, COVID-19 Rapid Response activity 73A and SR20-01024 La Caixa Foundation. A.J. and S.M. were supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grant numbers: PSE-010000-2006-6 and IPT-010000-2010-36). A.J. was also supported by national grant PI17/00019 from the Acción Estratégica en Salud (ISCIII) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER). The Basque Biobank, a hospital-related platform that also involves all Osakidetza health centres, the Basque government’s Department of Health and Onkologikoa, is operated by the Basque Foundation for Health Innovation and Research-BIOEF. M.C. received Grants BFU2016-77244-R and PID2019-107836RB-I00 funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI, Spain) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER, EU). M.R.G., J.A.H., R.G.D. and D.M.M. are supported by the ‘Spanish Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Competition, the Instituto de Salud Carlos III’ (PI19/01404, PI16/01842, PI19/00589, PI17/00535 and GLD19/00100) and by the Andalussian government (Proyectos Estratégicos-Fondos Feder PE-0451-2018, COVID-Premed, COVID GWAs). The position held by Itziar de Rojas Salarich is funded by grant FI20/00215, PFIS Contratos Predoctorales de Formación en Investigación en Salud. Enrique Calderón’s team is supported by CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), ‘Instituto de Salud Carlos III’. J.C.H. reports grants from Research Council of Norway grant no 312780 during the conduct of the study. E.S. reports grants from Research Council of Norway grant no. 312769. The BioMaterialBank Nord is supported by the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN). The BioMaterialBank Nord is member of popgen 2.0 network (P2N). P.K. Bergisch Gladbach, Germany and the Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. He is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). O.A.C. is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education and is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy—CECAD, EXC 2030–390661388. The COMRI cohort is funded by Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. This work was supported by grants of the Rolf M. Schwiete Stiftung, the Saarland University, BMBF and The States of Saarland and Lower Saxony. K.U.L. is supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, LU-1944/3-1). Genotyping for the BoSCO study is funded by the Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn. F.H. was supported by the Bavarian State Ministry for Science and Arts. Part of the genotyping was supported by a grant to A.R. from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, grant: 01ED1619A, European Alzheimer DNA BioBank, EADB) within the context of the EU Joint Programme—Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND). Additional funding was derived from the German Research Foundation (DFG) grant: RA 1971/6-1 to A.R. P.R. is supported by the DFG (CCGA Sequencing Centre and DFG ExC2167 PMI and by SH state funds for COVID19 research). F.T. is supported by the Clinician Scientist Program of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Cluster of Excellence ‘Precision Medicine in Chronic Inflammation’ (EXC2167). C.L. and J.H. are supported by the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF). T.B., M.M.B., O.W. und A.H. are supported by the Stiftung Universitätsmedizin Essen. M.A.-H. was supported by Juan de la Cierva Incorporacion program, grant IJC2018-035131-I funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. E.C.S. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; SCHU 2419/2-1).Peer reviewe

Detailed stratified GWAS analysis for severe COVID-19 in four European populations

Given the highly variable clinical phenotype of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a deeper analysis of the host genetic contribution to severe COVID-19 is important to improve our understanding of underlying disease mechanisms. Here, we describe an extended GWAS meta-analysis of a well-characterized cohort of 3,260 COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure and 12,483 population controls from Italy, Spain, Norway and Germany/Austria, including stratified analyses based on age, sex and disease severity, as well as targeted analyses of chromosome Y haplotypes, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region and the SARS-CoV-2 peptidome. By inversion imputation, we traced a reported association at 17q21.31 to a highly pleiotropic ∼0.9-Mb inversion polymorphism and characterized the potential effects of the inversion in detail. Our data, together with the 5th release of summary statistics from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, also identified a new locus at 19q13.33, including NAPSA, a gene which is expressed primarily in alveolar cells responsible for gas exchange in the lung.Andre Franke and David Ellinghaus were supported by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01KI20197), Andre Franke, David Ellinghaus and Frauke Degenhardt were supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Cluster of Excellence “Precision Medicine in Chronic Inflammation” (EXC2167). David Ellinghaus was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the framework of the Computational Life Sciences funding concept (CompLS grant 031L0165). David Ellinghaus, Karina Banasik and Søren Brunak acknowledge the Novo Nordisk Foundation (grant NNF14CC0001 and NNF17OC0027594). Tobias L. Lenz, Ana Teles and Onur Özer were funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation), project numbers 279645989; 433116033; 437857095. Mareike Wendorff and Hesham ElAbd are supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) through the Research Training Group 1743, "Genes, Environment and Inflammation". This project was supported by a Covid-19 grant from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; ID: 01KI20197). Luca Valenti received funding from: Ricerca Finalizzata Ministero della Salute RF2016-02364358, Italian Ministry of Health ""CV PREVITAL – strategie di prevenzione primaria cardiovascolare primaria nella popolazione italiana; The European Union (EU) Programme Horizon 2020 (under grant agreement No. 777377) for the project LITMUS- and for the project ""REVEAL""; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda ""Ricerca corrente"", Fondazione Sviluppo Ca' Granda ""Liver-BIBLE"" (PR-0391), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda ""5permille"" ""COVID-19 Biobank"" (RC100017A). Andrea Biondi was supported by the grant from Fondazione Cariplo to Fondazione Tettamanti: "Biobanking of Covid-19 patient samples to support national and international research (Covid-Bank). This research was partly funded by a MIUR grant to the Department of Medical Sciences, under the program "Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2018–2022". This study makes use of data generated by the GCAT-Genomes for Life. Cohort study of the Genomes of Catalonia, Fundació IGTP. IGTP is part of the CERCA Program / Generalitat de Catalunya. GCAT is supported by Acción de Dinamización del ISCIIIMINECO and the Ministry of Health of the Generalitat of Catalunya (ADE 10/00026); the Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR) (2017-SGR 529). Marta Marquié received research funding from ant PI19/00335 Acción Estratégica en Salud, integrated in the Spanish National RDI Plan and financed by ISCIIISubdirección General de Evaluación and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER-Una manera de hacer Europa").Beatriz Cortes is supported by national grants PI18/01512. Xavier Farre is supported by VEIS project (001-P-001647) (cofunded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), “A way to build Europe”). Additional data included in this study was obtained in part by the COVICAT Study Group (Cohort Covid de Catalunya) supported by IsGlobal and IGTP, EIT COVID-19 Rapid Response activity 73A and SR20-01024 La Caixa Foundation. Antonio Julià and Sara Marsal were supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grant numbers: PSE-010000-2006-6 and IPT-010000-2010-36). Antonio Julià was also supported the by national grant PI17/00019 from the Acción Estratégica en Salud (ISCIII) and the FEDER. The Basque Biobank is a hospitalrelated platform that also involves all Osakidetza health centres, the Basque government's Department of Health and Onkologikoa, is operated by the Basque Foundation for Health Innovation and Research-BIOEF. Mario Cáceres received Grants BFU2016-77244-R and PID2019-107836RB-I00 funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI, Spain) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER, EU). Manuel Romero Gómez, Javier Ampuero Herrojo, Rocío Gallego Durán and Douglas Maya Miles are supported by the “Spanish Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Competition, the Instituto de Salud Carlos III” (PI19/01404, PI16/01842, PI19/00589, PI17/00535 and GLD19/00100), and by the Andalussian government (Proyectos Estratégicos-Fondos Feder PE-0451-2018, COVID-Premed, COVID GWAs). The position held by Itziar de Rojas Salarich is funded by grant FI20/00215, PFIS Contratos Predoctorales de Formación en Investigación en Salud. Enrique Calderón's team is supported by CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), "Instituto de Salud Carlos III". Jan Cato Holter reports grants from Research Council of Norway grant no 312780 during the conduct of the study. Dr. Solligård: reports grants from Research Council of Norway grant no 312769. The BioMaterialBank Nord is supported by the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN). The BioMaterialBank Nord is member of popgen 2.0 network (P2N). Philipp Koehler has received non-financial scientific grants from Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany, and the Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. He is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF).Oliver A. Cornely is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education and is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy – CECAD, EXC 2030 – 390661388. The COMRI cohort is funded by Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. Genotyping was performed by the Genotyping laboratory of Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM Technology Centre, University of Helsinki. This work was supported by grants of the Rolf M. Schwiete Stiftung, the Saarland University, BMBF and The States of Saarland and Lower Saxony. Kerstin U. Ludwig is supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, LU-1944/3-1). Genotyping for the BoSCO study is funded by the Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn. Frank Hanses was supported by the Bavarian State Ministry for Science and Arts. Part of the genotyping was supported by a grant to Alfredo Ramirez from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, grant: 01ED1619A, European Alzheimer DNA BioBank, EADB) within the context of the EU Joint Programme – Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND). Additional funding was derived from the German Research Foundation (DFG) grant: RA 1971/6-1 to Alfredo Ramirez. Philip Rosenstiel is supported by the DFG (CCGA Sequencing Centre and DFG ExC2167 PMI and by SH state funds for COVID19 research). Florian Tran is supported by the Clinician Scientist Program of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Cluster of Excellence “Precision Medicine in Chronic Inflammation” (EXC2167). Christoph Lange and Jan Heyckendorf are supported by the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF). Thorsen Brenner, Marc M Berger, Oliver Witzke und Anke Hinney are supported by the Stiftung Universitätsmedizin Essen. Marialbert Acosta-Herrera was supported by Juan de la Cierva Incorporacion program, grant IJC2018-035131-I funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. Eva C Schulte is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; SCHU 2419/2-1).N

Participatory budgeting: A review of its study and development in Mexico

The growing expansion of participatory budgeting (PB) registered since the eighties in different local governments around the world, has been of great interest to the international academic community; nevertheless, the experiences of PB in Mexico do not have a systematic analysis of their development and behavior. Therefore, the evolution of PB in Mexico is studied. In order to understand the introduction and permanence of the PB, some socioeconomic and institutional contextual factors and the dynamics of participation of the PB are examined. Finally, challenges of the experiences and working hypothesis are identified