Habilidades motrices y su relación con las actividades y creencias parentales en preescolares; comparaciones por nivel socio-económico

The purpose of the present study is to analyze the relationship between preschoolers’ gross and fine motor skills, parent reported frequency of motor activities, and parental beliefs about motor development in different socio-economic contexts. Seventy-five parents and their children from low and high socio-economic status participated in the study. The frequency with which parents engaged in motor activities with their children and their beliefs about motor development were assessed using a questionnaire; children’s motor skills were assessed using the fine and gross motor skill subscales from the Battelle Developmental Inventory (BDI-2). Results show that parents report that they consider the development of fine- as more important than gross motor skills. Children from Low SES performed better on the gross motor skill assessment than their higher SES counterparts, however, performance did not differ by SES on the fine motor skill assessment. We conclude that the development of motor skills in preschool does not appear to be associated to parental beliefs or to parent reported frequency of motor activities; however, we did find differences by SES on children’s performance.El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar cómo se relacionan las habilidades motrices gruesas y finas en preescolares, la frecuencia de actividades motrices reportadas por los padres y las creencias sobre el desarrollo motor en diferente Nivel Socio-Económico (NSE). Participaron 75 padres de familia y sus respectivos hijos de NSE bajo y alto. La frecuencia con que realizan actividades motrices con sus hijos y sus creencias sobre el desarrollo motor se registraron por medio de un cuestionario; las habilidades motrices se evaluaron con las sub-escales de motricidad fina y gruesa del Inventario de Desarrollo Battelle (BDI-2). En los resultados los padres afirmaron      otorgar mayor importancia al desarrollo de la motricidad fina que al desarrollo de la motricidad gruesa. Los niños de NSE bajo obtuvieron una puntuación más alta en motricidad gruesa que sus pares de NSE alto, sin embargo no se encontraron diferencias entre las puntuaciones de motricidad fina entre      ambos grupos. Concluimos que el desarrollo de las habilidades motrices en preescolar no parece estar asociado a las creencias de los padres ni a la frecuencia con que suelen realizar actividades motrices con sus hijos; sin embargo existen diferencias por NSE en el desempeño de los menores

Características del paisaje y su relación con la diversidad y estructura de la vegetación ribereña del sureste de México

Background and Aims: Land use change generated by human activities has fragmented riparian corridors causing changes in the diversity and structure of its vegetation. The objective of this study was to compare the diversity, structure and floristic similarity in five sites of the Tacotalpa River, Tabasco, Mexico, related to vegetation variables with landscape metrics.Methods: Sampling was performed at five sites of the Tacotalpa River: Tapijulapa (s1), Arroyo Chispa (s2), Nuevo Madero (s3), Mexiquito (s4) and Oxolotán (s5). At each site, 20 sampling units of 10 × 10 m were established. Trees and shrubs with a DBH ≥1 cm were counted. The diversity and structure were compared with a one-way ANOVA. The floristic similarity between sites was compared with a Bray-Curtis cluster, Pearson correlation and PCA between vegetation variables and landscape metrics, using PAST and SPSS.Key results: There were 2589 individuals in 38 families, 92 genera and 119 species. The diversity 0D of s2 was statistically lower than s1 and s3, while 1D was similar in the five sites. The tree density of s1 was significantly greater than in s2, s3 and s5. The averages of DHB and height of s1 were low, showing significance with s2 (p <0.05). The floristic similarity ranged from 0.41 to 0.58. Order 0D diversity, shrub species and tree density correlated positively with some of the landscape metrics. The 1D diversity and tree species correlated positively with the paved road distance, and height with the dirt road.Conclusions: The differences between the sites suggest that there are different levels of disturbance along the Tacotalpa River. Positive correlations between vegetation variables and landscape metrics indicate that infrastructures near the river modify the diversity and structure of the riparian vegetation.Antecedentes y Objetivos: El cambio de uso del suelo generado por actividades humanas, ha fragmentado los corredores ribereños causando cambios en la diversidad y estructura de su vegetación. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la diversidad, estructura y similitud florística en cinco sitios del río Tacotalpa en Tabasco, México, relacionando las variables de vegetación con métricas del paisaje.Métodos: Se realizó un muestreo en cinco sitios del río Tacotalpa: Tapijulapa (s1), Arroyo Chispa (s2), Nuevo Madero (s3), Mexiquito (s4) y Oxolotán (s5). En cada sitio se establecieron 20 unidades de muestreo de 10 × 10 m. Los árboles y arbustos con un DAP≥1 cm fueron censados. La diversidad y estructura se comparó con un ANOVA de un factor. La similitud florística entre sitios se comparó con un cluster Bray-Curtis correlación de Pearson y ACP entre las variables de vegetación y métricas del paisaje, usando PAST y SPSS.Resultados clave: Se registraron 2589 individuos en 38 familias, 92 géneros y 119 especies. La diversidad 0D del s2 fue estadísticamente menor que en s1 y s3, mientras que 1D fue similar en los cinco sitios. La densidad de árboles del s1 fue significativamente mayor que s2, s3 y s5. Los promedios del DAP y altura del s1 fueron bajos, mostrando significancia con el s2 (p<0.05). La similitud florística osciló entre 0.41 a 0.58. La diversidad orden 0D, las especies arbustivas y la densidad de árboles se correlacionaron positivamente con algunas de las métricas del paisaje. La diversidad 1D y especies arbóreas se correlacionaron positivamente con la distancia de carretera pavimentada, y la altura con la de terracería.Conclusiones: Las diferencias entre los sitios sugieren que existen diferentes niveles de perturbación en el río Tacotalpa. Las correlaciones positivas entre las variables de vegetación y métricas del paisaje indican que las infraestructuras cercanas a la ribera modifican la diversidad y estructura de la vegetación ribereña.

A Simple Method to Measure Renal Function in Swine by the Plasma Clearance of Iohexol

There is no simple method to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in swine, an established model for studying renal disease. We developed a protocol to measure GFR in conscious swine by using the plasma clearance of iohexol. We used two groups, test and validation, with eight animals each. Ten milliliters of iohexol (6.47 g) was injected into the marginal auricular vein and blood samples (3 mL) were collected from the orbital sinus at different points after injection. GFR was determined using two models: two-compartment (CL2: all samples) and one-compartment (CL1: the last six samples). In the test group, CL1 overestimated CL2 by ~30%: CL2 = 245 ± 93 and CL1 = 308 ± 123 mL/min. This error was corrected by a first-order polynomial quadratic equation to CL1, which was considered the simplified method: SM = −47.909 + (1.176xCL1) − (0.00063968xCL12). The SM showed narrow limits of agreement with CL2, a concordance correlation of 0.97, and a total deviation index of 14.73%. Similar results were obtained for the validation group. This protocol is reliable, reproducible, can be performed in conscious animals, uses a single dose of the marker, and requires a reduced number of samples, and avoids urine collection. Finally, it presents a significant improvement in animal welfare conditions and handling necessities in experimental trials

Trends in the epidemiology of catheter-related bloodstream infections; towards a paradigm shift, Spain, 2007 to 2019

Altres ajuts: Departament de Salut. Generalitat de Catalunya ("Pla estratègic de recerca i innovació en salut (PERIS) 2019-2021"); Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital; Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI).Background: Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) are frequent healthcare-associated infections and an important cause of death. Aim: To analyse changes in CRBSI epidemiology observed by the Infection Control Catalan Programme (VINCat). Methods: A cohort study including all hospital-acquired CRBSI episodes diagnosed at 55 hospitals (2007-2019) in Catalonia, Spain, was prospectively conducted. CRBSI incidence rates were adjusted per 1,000patientdays. To assess the CRBSI rate trend per year, negative binomial models were used, with the number of events as the dependent variable, and the year as the main independent variable. From each model, the annual rate of CRBSI diagnosed per 1,000patientdays and the incidence rate ratio (IRR) with its 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. Results: During the study, 9,290 CRBSI episodes were diagnosed (mean annual incidence rate:0.20episodes/1,000patientdays). Patients' median age was 64.1years; 36.6% (3,403/9,290) were female. In total, 73.7% (n=6,845) of CRBSI occurred in non-intensive care unit (ICU) wards, 62.7% (n=5,822) were related to central venous catheter (CVC), 24.1% (n=2,236) to peripheral venous catheters (PVC) and 13.3% (n=1,232) to peripherally-inserted central venous catheters (PICVC). Incidence rate fell over the study period (IRR:0.94;95%CI:0.93-0.96), especially in the ICU (IRR:0.88;95%CI:0.87-0.89). As a whole, while episodes of CVC CRBSI fell significantly (IRR:0.88;95%CI:0.87-0.91), peripherally-inserted catheter CRBSI (PVC and PICVC) rose, especially in medical wards (IRR PICVC:1.08;95%CI:1.05-1.11; IRR PVC: 1.03; 95% 1.00-1.05). Conclusions: Over the study, CRBSIs associated with CVC and diagnosed in ICUs decreased while episodes in conventional wards involving peripherally-inserted catheters increased. Hospitals should implement preventive measures in conventional wards

Jardins per a la salut

Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona. Ensenyament: Grau de Farmàcia. Assignatura: Botànica farmacèutica. Curs: 2014-2015. Coordinadors: Joan Simon, Cèsar Blanché i Maria Bosch.Els materials que aquí es presenten són el recull de les fitxes botàniques de 128 espècies presents en el Jardí Ferran Soldevila de l’Edifici Històric de la UB. Els treballs han estat realitzats manera individual per part dels estudiants dels grups M-3 i T-1 de l’assignatura Botànica Farmacèutica durant els mesos de febrer a maig del curs 2014-15 com a resultat final del Projecte d’Innovació Docent «Jardins per a la salut: aprenentatge servei a Botànica farmacèutica» (codi 2014PID-UB/054). Tots els treballs s’han dut a terme a través de la plataforma de GoogleDocs i han estat tutoritzats pels professors de l’assignatura. L’objectiu principal de l’activitat ha estat fomentar l’aprenentatge autònom i col·laboratiu en Botànica farmacèutica. També s’ha pretès motivar els estudiants a través del retorn de part del seu esforç a la societat a través d’una experiència d’Aprenentatge-Servei, deixant disponible finalment el treball dels estudiants per a poder ser consultable a través d’una Web pública amb la possibilitat de poder-ho fer in-situ en el propi jardí mitjançant codis QR amb un smartphone

Prospective individual patient data meta-analysis of two randomized trials on convalescent plasma for COVID-19 outpatients

Data on convalescent plasma (CP) treatment in COVID-19 outpatients are scarce. We aimed to assess whether CP administered during the first week of symptoms reduced the disease progression or risk of hospitalization of outpatients. Two multicenter, double-blind randomized trials (NCT04621123, NCT04589949) were merged with data pooling starting when = 50 years and symptomatic for <= 7days were included. The intervention consisted of 200-300mL of CP with a predefined minimum level of antibodies. Primary endpoints were a 5-point disease severity scale and a composite of hospitalization or death by 28 days. Amongst the 797 patients included, 390 received CP and 392 placebo; they had a median age of 58 years, 1 comorbidity, 5 days symptoms and 93% had negative IgG antibody-test. Seventy-four patients were hospitalized, 6 required mechanical ventilation and 3 died. The odds ratio (OR) of CP for improved disease severity scale was 0.936 (credible interval (CI) 0.667-1.311); OR for hospitalization or death was 0.919 (CI 0.592-1.416). CP effect on hospital admission or death was largest in patients with <= 5 days of symptoms (OR 0.658, 95%CI 0.394-1.085). CP did not decrease the time to full symptom resolution

Clustering COVID-19 ARDS patients through the first days of ICU admission. An analysis of the CIBERESUCICOVID Cohort

Background Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be classified into sub-phenotypes according to different inflammatory/clinical status. Prognostic enrichment was achieved by grouping patients into hypoinflammatory or hyperinflammatory sub-phenotypes, even though the time of analysis may change the classification according to treatment response or disease evolution. We aimed to evaluate when patients can be clustered in more than 1 group, and how they may change the clustering of patients using data of baseline or day 3, and the prognosis of patients according to their evolution by changing or not the cluster.Methods Multicenter, observational prospective, and retrospective study of patients admitted due to ARDS related to COVID-19 infection in Spain. Patients were grouped according to a clustering mixed-type data algorithm (k-prototypes) using continuous and categorical readily available variables at baseline and day 3.Results Of 6205 patients, 3743 (60%) were included in the study. According to silhouette analysis, patients were grouped in two clusters. At baseline, 1402 (37%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2341(63%) in cluster 2. On day 3, 1557(42%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2086 (57%) in cluster 2. The patients included in cluster 2 were older and more frequently hypertensive and had a higher prevalence of shock, organ dysfunction, inflammatory biomarkers, and worst respiratory indexes at both time points. The 90-day mortality was higher in cluster 2 at both clustering processes (43.8% [n = 1025] versus 27.3% [n = 383] at baseline, and 49% [n = 1023] versus 20.6% [n = 321] on day 3). Four hundred and fifty-eight (33%) patients clustered in the first group were clustered in the second group on day 3. In contrast, 638 (27%) patients clustered in the second group were clustered in the first group on day 3.Conclusions During the first days, patients can be clustered into two groups and the process of clustering patients may change as they continue to evolve. This means that despite a vast majority of patients remaining in the same cluster, a minority reaching 33% of patients analyzed may be re-categorized into different clusters based on their progress. Such changes can significantly impact their prognosis

The evolution of the ventilatory ratio is a prognostic factor in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS patients

Background: Mortality due to COVID-19 is high, especially in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. The purpose of the study is to investigate associations between mortality and variables measured during the first three days of mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19 intubated at ICU admission. Methods: Multicenter, observational, cohort study includes consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted to 44 Spanish ICUs between February 25 and July 31, 2020, who required intubation at ICU admission and mechanical ventilation for more than three days. We collected demographic and clinical data prior to admission; information about clinical evolution at days 1 and 3 of mechanical ventilation; and outcomes. Results: Of the 2,095 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU, 1,118 (53.3%) were intubated at day 1 and remained under mechanical ventilation at day three. From days 1 to 3, PaO2/FiO2 increased from 115.6 [80.0-171.2] to 180.0 [135.4-227.9] mmHg and the ventilatory ratio from 1.73 [1.33-2.25] to 1.96 [1.61-2.40]. In-hospital mortality was 38.7%. A higher increase between ICU admission and day 3 in the ventilatory ratio (OR 1.04 [CI 1.01-1.07], p = 0.030) and creatinine levels (OR 1.05 [CI 1.01-1.09], p = 0.005) and a lower increase in platelet counts (OR 0.96 [CI 0.93-1.00], p = 0.037) were independently associated with a higher risk of death. No association between mortality and the PaO2/FiO2 variation was observed (OR 0.99 [CI 0.95 to 1.02], p = 0.47). Conclusions: Higher ventilatory ratio and its increase at day 3 is associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 receiving mechanical ventilation at ICU admission. No association was found in the PaO2/FiO2 variation

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life