The effect of benzene on serum hormones and the activity of some enzymes in different tissues of rats

The effects of a 100 mg.kg(-1) dose, of benzene, an occupational and environmental toxicant, were investigated on serum, estradiol and testosterone concentrations as well as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), and pyruvate kinase (PK) activities in the liver and kidney of rats after 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 72 hours. Benzene was given intraperitoneally to Rat rattus norvegicus and the control groups were injected with physiological saline. Liver tissue LDH, AST, ALT and kidney tissue LDH, ALP, AST, ALT activities were lower in the benzene treated group when compared to those in the control group (p<0.05). A tendency for an increase in the liver tissue ALP activity was observed, which was significant at 8 and 16 hours (p<0.05). There were significant increases in ALT in the liver and LDH, AST, and ALT enzyme activities in the kidney tissue at the beginning of the experiment in both groups and these activities were found to be nearly the same. Pyruvate kinase enzyme activities in rats given benzene were slightly increased in kidney tissues but lower in liver tissues. Differences between the groups tended to disappear towards the end of the experimental period. However, serum estradiol concentrations in the serum diverged significantly (p<0.05). Consequently, it was found that benzene administration led to some changes (increases then decreases) in LDH, ALP, ALT, AST, and PK activity and estradiol, testosterone concentrations in different tissues of rats. Possible causes of the increases and decreases in enzyme activities and hormone levels are discussed

Solid-State Molecular Organometallic Catalysis in Gas/Solid Flow (Flow-SMOM) as Demonstrated by Efficient Room Temperature and Pressure 1-Butene Isomerization

The use of solid-state molecular organometallic chemistry (SMOM-chem) to promote the efficient double bond isomerization of 1-butene to 2-butenes under flow-reactor conditions is reported. Single crystalline catalysts based upon the σ-alkane complexes [Rh(R2PCH2CH2PR2)(η2η2-NBA)][BArF4] (R = Cy, tBu; NBA = norbornane; ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3) are prepared by hydrogenation of a norbornadiene precursor. For the tBu-substituted system this results in the loss of long-range order, which can be re-established by addition of 1-butene to the material to form a mixture of [Rh(tBu2PCH2CH2PtBu2)(cis-2-butene)][BArF4] and [Rh(tBu2PCH2CH2PtBu2)(1-butene)][BArF4], in an order/disorder/order phase change. Deployment under flow-reactor conditions results in very different on-stream stabilities. With R = Cy rapid deactivation (3 h) to the butadiene complex occurs, [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(butadiene)][BArF4], which can be reactivated by simple addition of H2. While the equivalent butadiene complex does not form with R = tBu at 298 K and on-stream conversion is retained up to 90 h, deactivation is suggested to occur via loss of crystallinity of the SMOM catalyst. Both systems operate under the industrially relevant conditions of an isobutene co-feed. cis:trans selectivites for 2-butene are biased in favor of cis for the tBu system and are more leveled for Cy

Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe Öğretiminde/Öğreniminde Kelime Kazanımına İlişkin Oyun İçerikli Materyal Geliştirme Örneği: B1 Düzeyi

In this study, game themed materials related to word acquisition were developed for Level B1 which can be used in teaching/learning Turkish as a foreign language. Based on the lack of support materials available in the field, the study was intended to be carried out. For this purpose, the literature studies, books and games used were examined. A variety of vocabulary games have been prepared in order to make the students understand the words they need to win in the course easier by having fun and to keep them catchy. While preparing words for word games that the limitations of Ankara University “Yeni Hitit Yabancılar İçin Türkçe B1”, Gazi University “Yabancılar İçin Türkçe B1”, İstanbul University “İstanbul Yabancılar İçin Türkçe B1” ve Yunus Emre Institute “Yedi İklim Türkçe B1” in the themes and words have been made. The games covered “Education, Leisure and Business” topics, which were co-featured in the B1 level books. Within the framework of these issues, games are designed by moving from the words in the related units of the books. The choice of words was not acted upon in a single book, and the choice of words that might be appropriate to the subject was attempted in all four sources. The games are taken from existing source game materials and activities. The content was designed to support the purpose of the course. Therefore, when determining the subjects of the games, the age of language learning was taken into consideration along with the needs of the target audience in daily life. The games were made by taking into account word teaching strategies, principles of word teaching, important factors in the materials preparation process and the attainment and skills contained in the European Common Application Text. In addition, games have been tried to be prepared in such a way that they can be applied to various groups that reach B1 level.KABUL VE ONAY i YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI ii ETİK BEYAN iii TEŞEKKÜR iv ÖZET v ABSTRACT vi İÇİNDEKİLER vii KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ ix GİRİŞ 1 Çalışmanın Amacı 3 Çalışmanın Önemi 3 Çalışmanın Yöntemi 3 1. BÖLÜM 4 KURAMSAL ÇALIŞMALAR 4 1.1. Genel Anlamda Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe Öğrenimi 4 1.2. Öğretim Kavramı ve Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe Öğretiminin Önemi 6 1.3. Öğrenim, Öğretim ve Edinim Kuramları ve Sınırları 8 1.4. Yabancılara Türkçe Öğretimi/Öğrenimi ve Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe Öğretimi/Öğrenimi İlişkisi 12 1.5. Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe Öğretiminde ve Öğreniminde Materyalin Önemi 15 1.6. Amaç Odaklı Aracın Belirlenme Sürecini Etkileyen Faktörler 20 1.7. Beceri ve Kazanım Odaklı Materyal Tespiti 21 1.8. Geçmişten Günümüze Kadar Bilişim Odaklı Materyalin Geliştirilmesi 25 1.9. Materyal Olarak Etkinliklerin Dil Öğretimini Destekleyici Rolleri 28 1.10. Bir Etkinlik Olan Oyun İçerikli Materyallerin Yabancı Dil Öğretimine/Öğrenimine Katkısı 28 1.11. Hedef Grup Odaklı (Kültür, Yaş) Oyun İçerikli Materyallerin Belirlenmesi 30 1.12. Kazanıma İlişkin Oyun İçerikli Materyallerin Belirlenmesi 33 1.13. Beceriye İlişkin Oyun İçerikli Materyallerin Belirlenmesi 35 1.14. Kelime Öğretiminde/Öğreniminde Kullanılan Oyun Stratejileri: Planlı, Plansız Kelime Öğretme ve Takac’ın Pekiştirme Stratejileri 43 1.15. B1 Seviyesindeki Yabancı Dil Öğrencilerinin Sahip Oldukları Kazanımlar ve Beceriler 47 1.16. B1 Seviyesindeki Öğrencilerin Kelime Bilgileri 52 2. BÖLÜM 56 OYUN İÇERİKLİ MATERYALDEN HAREKETLE B1 SEVİYESİNDEKİ ÖĞRENCİNİN KELİME KAZANIMINA İLİŞKİN ETKİNLİK ÖRNEKLERİ 56 SONUÇ 136 KAYNAKÇA 148 EK 1. Etik Kurul İzni Muafiyeti Formu 155 EK 2. Orijinallik Raporu 157 EK 3. Turnitin Benzerlik İndeksi 159 ÖZGEÇMİŞ 160Bu çalışmada, yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretiminde/öğreniminde kullanılabilecek B1 seviyesi için kelime kazanımına ilişkin oyun içerikli materyaller geliştirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Alanda var olan destek materyal eksikliğinden yola çıkılarak söz konusu çalışmanın yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla literatürde yer alan çalışmalar, kullanılan kitaplar ve oyunlar incelenmiştir. Öğrencilerin, ders içerisinde kazanması gereken kelimeleri, eğlenerek daha kolay anlaması ve bunların akılda kalıcı olması amacıyla çeşitli kelime oyunları hazırlanmıştır. Kelime oyunları hazırlanırken kelimelerin sınırlılıkları Ankara Üniversitesi TÖMER’in kullandığı “Yeni Hitit Yabancılar İçin Türkçe B1”, Gazi Üniversitesi TÖMER’in kullandığı “Yabancılar İçin Türkçe B1”, İstanbul Üniversitesi TÖMER’in kullandığı “İstanbul Yabancılar İçin Türkçe B1” ve Yunus Emre Enstitüsünün kullandığı “Yedi İklim Türkçe B1” içerisinde yer alan temalar ve kelimelerle yapılmıştır. Oyunlarda, B1 seviyesindeki kitaplarda ortak olarak yer alan “Eğitim, Boş zaman / Eğlence ve İş dünyası” konuları ele alınmıştır. Bu konular çerçevesinde kitapların ilgili ünitelerindeki kelimelerden hareket edilerek oyunlar tasarlanmıştır. Kelime seçiminde tek bir kitap üzerinden hareket edilmemiş, dört kaynaktan da konuya uygun olabilecek kelimeler seçilmeye çalışılmıştır. Oyunlar ise var olan kaynak oyun materyallerinden ve etkinliklerinden alınmıştır. İçerik tamamen dersin amacını destekleyici nitelikte tasarlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu nedenle oyunların konuları belirlenirken hedef kitlenin öğrendikleri ve günlük hayattaki ihtiyaçları ile birlikte dil öğrenme yaşı da göz önünde bulundurulmuştur. Oyunlar, kelime öğretimi stratejileri, kelime öğretimi ilkeleri, materyal hazırlama sürecinde önemli etkenler ve Avrupa Ortak Başvuru Metninde yer alan kazanım ve beceriler dikkate alınarak yapılmıştır. Ayrıca oyunlar, B1 seviyesine gelmiş çeşitli gruplara uygulanabilecek şekilde hazırlanmaya çalışılmıştır

Moleküler mantık kapısının pratikteki uygulamaları: "ve" kapısının fotodinamik terapideki singlet oksijen üretimi ile ilişkilendirilmesi

There have been many examples of individual molecular logic gates and molecular equivalents of more complex digital designs in recent years such as half adder, half subtractor, multiplexer. Neverethless, the unresolved issues of addressability and lack of communication between logic gates remain to be the Achille’s heel for molecular logic gates. A few years ago we have demonstrated that appropriately decorated bodipy dyes can be very efficient generators for singlet oxygen, thus act as a satisfactory photodynamic agents. As a bonus, these dyes absorb very strongly at 660 nm which is considered to be within the therapeutic window of mammalian tissue. So, combining our earlier experience in molecular logic gates and rational design of photodynamic agents, we proposed a photodynamic therapy agent that would release singlet oxygen at a much larger rate when the cancer related cellular parameters are above a threshold value at the same location. Following the survey of the relevant literature for cancer related parameters, we decided that sodium ion concentration and pH (H+ concentration) could be very promising targets. In the tumor regions the pH can drop below 6 and the Na+ concentration is also significantly higher then normal tissues. As a result, in the proposed logic system the chemical inputs could be Na+ and H+. The system in fact is an automaton which is to seek higher concentration of both hydrogen and sodium ions, and release the toxic agent (singlet oxygen) only when both concentrations are high. Thus, the proposed logic gate is an AND logic gate, the output of which is singlet oxygen. Keywords: Photodynamic therapy, singlet oxygen, molecular logic gates, AND logic operation.M.S. - Master of Scienc

Bulanık c-ortalamalar kümeleme analizi ve sağlık alanında uygulaması

Kümeleme, benzer verileri gruplara ayırmak için kullanılan sınıflandırma yöntemidir. Kümeleme yöntemleri veri birimlerinin kümeye ait olma koşulları ya da kısıtlarına göre sert kümeleme ve yumuşak kümeleme yöntemleri olarak ikiye ayrılırlar. Yumuşak kümeleme yapan bulanık kümeleme algoritmaları ile veri birimleri sert kümelemede olduğu gibi yalnızca tek bir kümeye değil; farklı üyelik dereceleri ile açıklanan değerlere göre iki veya daha fazla kümeye girebilmektedir. Bu tez çalışmasında klasik kümeleme algoritmalarından farklı olarak, Bulanık C-ortalamalar kümeleme yöntemi mikroarray verilerine uygulanmıştır. Klasik yaklaşımlarda algoritmaların yapısı gereği yapılan kesin tanımlamalar bazı ilişkilerin gözden kaçmasına neden olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle gizli kalan ilişkilerin bulanık yöntemle ortaya konmasına çalışılmıştır.Mikro RNA'ların (miRNA, RNA: Ribo nükleik asit), çocuklarda akut lenfoblastik lösemi (ALL) üzerindeki etkisini incelemek üzere normal ve hasta dokulardan alınan mikrodizi tabanlı ifade verileri kullanılarak farklı sayıda miRNA kümelerinin Bulanık C-ortalamalar algoritmasıyla elde edilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Algoritmayla elde edilen farklı örneklem sayısına sahip, farklı kümelerdeki miRNA yapıları incelenmiştir. Bu yapılarda yer alan miRNA'larınmesajcı RNA (mRNA) yolaklarındaki ortak özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Bu çıktılar ile akut lenfoblastik lösemi ile ilişkili yolaklar bu algoritmaların çıktısını oluşturacak ve miRNA ile ilgili çalışmalarda yol gösterici olacaktır.Clustering is a classification method to assign similar data elements into certain groups, called clusters. Clustering methods can be classified into two groups as "hard clustering" and "soft clustering" depending on the constraints on the memberhip degrees of data elements in clusters.Contrarily to hard clustering, in fuzzy clustering a data element is not only a member of unique cluster but also a member of the other clusters with varying degrees of membership.In this study, unlike classical clustering algorithms fuzzy C-means (FCM)clustering is applied to microarray data.Due to the classical approaches made according to the nature of the algorithms, exactly defined descriptions may cause some of the relationships to be overlooked.For this reason, hidden relations have been tried to be revealed via fuzzy method.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of miRNAs (micro RNA, RNA: Ribo nucleic aside) on children with ALL (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia) via microarray data following the use of fuzzy C-means of different number of miRNA clusters which was obtained from the analysis of the tissues in healthy and study cases. This study was made to evaluate the effect of miRNAs on children with all by using miRNA expression data on healthy and ill children (study cases) with sets containing different numbers of elements of fuzzy C-means algorithms. The miRNA structures in different clusters with different numbers ofsamples obtained via fuzzy clustering algorithmhave been evaluated.Structures of miRNAs in different sets and with different number of elements obtained from the algorithm were evaluated.The common characteristics of miRNAs of in each cluster in different messenger RNA (mRNA) pathways, have been investigated.miRNAs of this structure were investigated for their common properties on mRNAs pathways. In conclusion, new pathways associated with ALL may be described and those pathways may provide guidance to open up new horizons in the field of miRNA studies

Bazı metakrilat ve akrilat homopolimerlerinin, kopolimerlerin ve fiberlerinin direkt piroliz kütle spektrometresi ile karakterizasyonu.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) possesses many desirable properties and is used in various areas. However, the relatively low glass transition temperature limits its applications in textile and optical-electronic industries. Monomers containing isobornyl, benzyl and butyl groups as the side chain are chosen to copolymerize with MMA to increase Tg and to obtain fibers with PMMA. In this work, thermal degradation characteristics, degradation products and mechanisms of methacrylate homopolymers, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(butyl methacrylate), poly(isobornyl methacrylate) and poly(benzyl methacrylate), acrylate homopolymers, poly(n-butyl acrylate), poly(t-butyl acrylate), poly(isobornyl acrylate), two, three and four component copolymers of MMA and fibers are analyzed via direct pyrolysis mass spectrometry. The effects of substituents on the main and side chains, the components present in the copolymers and fiber formation on thermal stability, degradation characteristics and degradation mechanisms are investigated. According to the results obtained, the depolymerization mechanism yielding mainly the monomer is the main thermal decomposition route for the methacrylate polymers, acrylate polymers degradation occurs by H-transfer reactions from the main chain to the carbonyl groups. However, when the alkoxy group involves -H, then, H-transfer reactions from the alkoxy group to the CO group also takes place leading to a complex thermal degradation mechanism. The thermal degradation mechanisms and the relative yields of products are affected by copolymerization due to the inter and intra-molecular interactions. As a consequence of transesterification reactions new fragments can be generated. In general, the samples taken from different parts of the fibers do not show different thermal degradation behavior. However, upon fiber formation, enhancements in intermolecular interactions decreasing the thermal stability and changing the product distribution are detected.Ph.D. - Doctoral Progra

Thermal degradation of poly(n-butyl methacrylate), poly(n-butyl acrylate) and poly(t-butyl acrylate)

Direct pyrolysis mass spectrometry findings revealed that thermal decompositions of poly(n-butyl methacrylate), PnBMA, poly(n-butyl acrylate), PnBA, and poly(t-butyl acrylate), PtBA, follow different decomposition pathways. Among these polymers thermal degradation via depolymerization is only major decomposition routes for PnBMA. Thermal degradation of PnBA proceeds through simultaneous and subsequent processes, involving gamma-hydrogen transfer to carbonyl group from the main chain to carbonyl groups yielding mainly six-membered cyclic products and butanol. On the other hand, decomposition of PtBA starts by elimination of C4H8 by gamma-hydrogen transfer reactions from the t-butyl groups to the carbonyl groups producing poly(acrylic acid) chains by elimination of isobutene. Subsequent losses of H2O, CO2 and CO yield unsaturated linkages and crosslinked structures that decompose at elevated temperatures. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V