Flavour Characyerisation and Stabilisation of Fresh, Spray-Dried and Encapsulated Durian Extract

This study concerned the characterisation and stability of flavour volatiles from fresh, spray-dried, freeze-dried and encapsulated durian powder. In the first part of this study, headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to fast gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied to analyze the volatile compounds of durian varieties D2, D24, and Dl01 from Malaysia. Sampling sensitivity was improved by evaluation of sample matrix, sampling size, headspace volume, salt addition and sampling duration. A total of 39 volatile compounds were identified in fresh durian pulp comprising 22 esters, 9 sulfur-containing alkanes, 3 thioacetals, 2 thioesters, 2 thiolanes, and 1 alcohol. The relative amount of volatiles estimated using lppm internal standard, revealed differences in the volatile composition among varieties. Further classification and characterisation of each durian variety was successfully conducted using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) whereby PCl, which explained 35.36% of variance, distinguished variety 0 2 from 024 while PC2 with 22.10% variance explained, separated the cluster of variety Dl01 from 024.Consequently, quantification of the major flavour volatiles in durian (Durio zibethinus) that included propanethiol, ethyl propanoate, propyl propanoate, ethyl 2- methylbutanoate (E2MB) and diethyl disuIfide, from fresh, freeze-dried and spray-dried durian pulp as well as effect of drying on the volatiles composition of durian pulp was evaluated using SPME coupled to fast chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (fast GC-TOFMS). The correlation coefficients for target volatiles were improved (over 0.97) when surrogate internal standard was used with precision that ranged between 2 and 14%. Overall, spray-drying process, which employed high temperature, induced the formation of several volatiles that included aldehyde, ketone, furan and pyrrole. The loss of flavour volatiles in freeze-dried and spray-dried pulp ranged from 71 to 97% and 97 to 99% respectively. Finally, changes in durian volatile composition and stability of the major volatile compounds (propanethiol, ethyl propanoate, E2MB and diethyl disulfide) in the spray dry microencapsulated durian powder using 3 types of coating matrices (maltodextrin, gum arabic and lipophilic starch) were evaluated. The flavour release characteristic from the microcapsules stored under different relative humidity, RH (44%, 75% and 92%) at 50°C was further studied. Stability of the microcapsule produced was maintained throughout 20 days of storage without liberation of any volatile acid. Formation of volatiles that included 2- and 3-methylbutanal, 1-ethyl-1-H-pyrrole compounds were induced during the process. Microcapsules prepared from a blend of maltodextrin and gum arabic at ratio 3:1 showed higher volatiles retention. Low volatiles retention in N-Lok microcapsule was observed which probably caused by the cracking on the surface of its microcapsule. Furthermore, volatiles were released from MG microcapsule at the rate according to Avrami's equation which increased with higher relative humidity in the storage atmosphere

Rapid profiling of animal-derived fatty acids using fast GC x GC coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Rapid profiling of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from five different animal sources was examined in this study using fast comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (fast GC x GC-TOFMS). The result showed that GC x GC analysis combining two different microbore columns (SLB-5 ms, 10 m x 0.10 mm x 0.10 μm and DBWax, 0.5 m x 0.10 mm x 0.10 μm) allowed three-fold faster analysis times than those observed for conventional GC x GC analysis. The modulation ratio (M R) of the system was defined at the value of 2.38 by optimizing the modulation period and offset temperature for precise mass spectral identification and highest effluent resolution in the analysis. In accordance with the normalized FAME level obtained from various animal fats, namely lard (LA), chicken fat (CF), beef tallow (BF), mutton tallow (MF) and cod liver oil (CLO), a clear discrimination of LA from the other species by principal components analysis (PCA) was observed. This was attributed to several FAME constituents involving methyl 6,9,12,15-heneicosatetraenoate (C21:4n-6), methyl 11,14-eicosadienoate (C20:2n-6), trans-9,12-methyl octadecadienoate (C18:2n-6t), trans-9-methyl octadecenoate (C18:1n-9t) and methyl hexadecanoate (C16:0)

Effect of thermal processing and storage condition on the flavour stability of spray-dried durian powder

Stability of key odour volatiles (propanethiol, ethyl propanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate and diethyl disulfide) from spray-dried durian powder that was subjected to accelerated storage were analysed quantitatively using headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to fast gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The type of drying aids incorporated significantly influenced volatiles retention in the powder product. The addition of gum Arabic resulted in higher retention of volatiles in the durian powder as compared to maltodextrin and N-Lok starches. Volatiles that remained in the powder ranged from 57% to 76% of the original concentration. Volatile composition of the powder product was altered with only two aldehydes included 2- and 3-methyl butanal and no off-flavour volatile was detected throughout the storage. The rates of volatiles release from the spray-dried powder under accelerated storage condition increased markedly at higher relative humidity

Analysis of volatile compounds from Malaysian durians (Durio zibethinus) using headspace SPME coupled to fast GC-MS.

Headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to fast gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied to analyze the volatile compounds of durian (Durio zibethinus) varieties D2, D24, and D101 from Malaysia. Sampling sensitivity was improved by evaluation of sample matrix, sampling size, headspace volume, salt addition and sampling duration. A total of 39 volatile compounds were identified including 22 esters, 9 sulphur-containing alkanes, 3 thioacetals, 2 thioesters, 2 thiolanes and 1 alcohol. The relative amount of volatiles estimated using 1 ppm internal standard (IS) revealed the differences in the volatile composition among varieties. Further classification and characterization of each durian variety was successfully conducted using principal component analysis (PCA)

Changes of volatiles' attribute in durian pulp during freeze- and spray-drying process.

Changes of volatile profile from durian (Durio zibethinus) pulp during freeze-drying and spray-drying process were studied using headspace SPME coupled to fast GC–TOFMS. Results showed that 4 esters diminished in the volatiles' composition of freeze-dried pulp and spray drying caused losses of 14 volatile constituents from the profile. Formation of new volatiles was induced in spray-dried durian powder, comprising 5 aldehydes, 1 ketone, 1 furan and 1 pyrrole compounds. Furthermore, dramatic decline was observed during freeze drying for the amount of major durian aroma included propanethiol, ethyl propanoate, propyl propanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate and diethyl disulfide, ranging from 71% to 97% while 98% to 99% amount of such volatiles were vanished during spray-drying process

Regiospecific analysis of Mono and Diglycerides in Glycerolysis products by GC x GC TOF-MS.

Comprehensive bidimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOF-MS) was used for the characterization of regiospecific mono- and diglycerides (MG-DG) content in the glycerolysis products derived from five different lipids included lard (LA), sun flower seed oil (SF), corn oil (CO), butter (BU), and palm oil (PA). The combination of fast and high temperature non-orthogonal column set namely DB17ht (6 m × 0.10 mm × 0.10 μm) as the primary column and SLB-5 ms (60 cm × 0.10 mm × 0.10 μm) as the secondary column was applied in this work. System configuration involved high oven ramp temperature to obtain precise mass spectral identification and highest effluent’s resolution. 3-Monopalmitoyl-sn-glycerol (MG 3-C16) was the highest concentration in LA, BU and PA while monostearoyl-sn-glycerol (MG C18) in CO and 1,3-dilinoleol-rac-glycerol (DG C18:2c) in SF. Principal component analysis accounted 82% of variance using combination of PC1 and PC2. The presence of monostearoyl-sn-glycerol (MG C18), 3-Monopalmitoyl-sn-glycerol (MG 3-C16), 1,3-dilinoleol-rac-glycerol (DG C18:2c), 1,3-dipalmitoyl-glycerol (DG 1,3-C16), and 1,3-dielaidin (DG C18:1t) caused differentiation of the samples tested

Clinical Features of Re-Emerging Hepatitis A: An Analysis of Patients Hospitalized during an Urban Epidemic in Korea

From April 2008 to November 2008, many cases of hepatitis A were reported in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province in Korea. Furthermore, the rate of severe or fulminant hepatitis have significantly increased during the latest epidemic (13.4% vs. 5.2%, p=0.044). Therefore, widespread use of vaccine is warranted to reduce the burden of hepatitis A in Korea

Global patient outcomes after elective surgery: prospective cohort study in 27 low-, middle- and high-income countries.

BACKGROUND: As global initiatives increase patient access to surgical treatments, there remains a need to understand the adverse effects of surgery and define appropriate levels of perioperative care. METHODS: We designed a prospective international 7-day cohort study of outcomes following elective adult inpatient surgery in 27 countries. The primary outcome was in-hospital complications. Secondary outcomes were death following a complication (failure to rescue) and death in hospital. Process measures were admission to critical care immediately after surgery or to treat a complication and duration of hospital stay. A single definition of critical care was used for all countries. RESULTS: A total of 474 hospitals in 19 high-, 7 middle- and 1 low-income country were included in the primary analysis. Data included 44 814 patients with a median hospital stay of 4 (range 2-7) days. A total of 7508 patients (16.8%) developed one or more postoperative complication and 207 died (0.5%). The overall mortality among patients who developed complications was 2.8%. Mortality following complications ranged from 2.4% for pulmonary embolism to 43.9% for cardiac arrest. A total of 4360 (9.7%) patients were admitted to a critical care unit as routine immediately after surgery, of whom 2198 (50.4%) developed a complication, with 105 (2.4%) deaths. A total of 1233 patients (16.4%) were admitted to a critical care unit to treat complications, with 119 (9.7%) deaths. Despite lower baseline risk, outcomes were similar in low- and middle-income compared with high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: Poor patient outcomes are common after inpatient surgery. Global initiatives to increase access to surgical treatments should also address the need for safe perioperative care. STUDY REGISTRATION: ISRCTN5181700

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised