Marcada resiliencia de una especie de ave insular endémica después de una perturbación intensa: el caso del pinzón azul de Gran Canaria

Striking resilience of an island–endemic bird to a severe perturbation: the case of the Gran Canaria blue chaffinch. Evidence regarding population trends of endangered species in special protection areas and their recovery ability from catastrophic disturbances is scarce. We assessed the population trend of the Gran Canaria blue chaffinch (Fringilla polatzeki), a habitat specialist endemic to the pine forest of Inagua in the Canary Islands, following a devastating wildfire in July 2007. Using a standardized census program that accounts for detectability, we have monitored the population trend of the species since Inagua was declared a Strict Nature Reserve in 1994. The breeding population density of the blue chaffinch remained stable in Inagua from the beginning of the monitoring program in 1994 until the year before the wildfire. However, in spring 2008, the population density decreased by half with respect to density in the preceding years. Since 2008, the population has gradually increased, reaching its highest recorded density in 2016 (15.8 birds/km2).This represents an average annual increase of 23.7 %, indicating impressive resilience to catastrophic events. The creation of Inagua as a strict nature reserve did not therefore increase the global population or protect the blue chaffinch against a demographic crisis but probably prevented a deepening of the demographic crisis or further declines. Except for the two years immediately after the severe wildfire of 2007, the population density of the blue chaffinch in Inagua has remained relatively stable at around 9–16 birds/km2, the lowest recorded abundance for a small woodland passerine in the Western PalearcticMarcada resiliencia de una especie de ave insular endémica después de una perturbación intensa: el caso del pinzón azul de Gran Canaria. Son pocos los datos disponibles sobre la tendencia demográfica de las especies en peligro de extinción en zonas de protección especial y su capacidad de recuperarse de perturbaciones catastróficas. Se estudia la tendencia demográfica del pinzón azul de Gran Canaria (Fringilla polatzeki), un especialista de hábitat endémico de las Islas Canarias, restringido al pinar de Inagua, que sufrió un devastador incendio forestal en julio de 2007. Mediante un programa de censo estandarizado que tiene en cuenta la variación en la capacidad de detección, se ha hecho un seguimiento de la tendencia demográfica de la especie desde la declaración de Inagua como reserva natural integral en 1994. La densidad reproductiva del pinzón azul se mantuvo estable en Inagua desde el inicio del programa de seguimiento en 1994 hasta un año antes del incendio. No obstante, en la primavera de 2008, la densidad de la población se redujo a la mitad en comparación con los años anteriores. A partir de 2008, la población del pinzón azul ha venido aumentando gradualmente hasta alcanzar la densidad más alta jamás registrada en 2016 (15,8 aves/km2), lo que equivale a un incremento anual medio del 23,7 % y pone de manifiesto la resistencia impresionante de estas poblaciones ante catástrofes. Por lo tanto, la creación de la reserva integral de Inagua no promovió el aumento de población ni protegió al pinzón azul frente a una grave crisis demográfica, sino que probablemente evitó que la disminución de la población fuera más profunda o que se produjeran otras reducciones. Aparte de los dos años inmediatamente posteriores al incendio forestal de 2007, la densidad de población del pinzón azul en Inagua se mantuvo relativamente estable alrededor de 9–16 aves/km2, la menor abundancia jamás registrada para un paseriforme forestal de tamaño pequeño en todo el paleártico occidentalThe study was supported by the Conservation Program for the blue chaffinch implemented by the Gobierno de Canarias (1991–2004), Cabildo de Gran Canaria (2005–2015), and was partially funded by the European Union (1995–1996: LIFE94 NAT/E/ 001159; 1999–2002: LIFE98 NAT/E/005354; 2016: LIFE14 NAT/ES/000077) and a research contract between MNCN/CSIC and GESPLAN, S. A. U. (2008). JS currently works within the Madrid’s Government research group network REMEDINAL3–CM (S–2013/ MAE–271

Striking resilience of an island endemic bird to a severe perturbation: the case of the Gran Canaria blue chaffinch

Marcada resiliencia de una especie de ave insular endémica después de una perturbación intensa: el caso del pinzón azul de Gran Canaria Son pocos los datos disponibles sobre la tendencia demográfica de las especies en peligro de extinción en zonas de protección especial y su capacidad de recuperarse de perturbaciones catastróficas. Se estudia la tendencia demográfica del pinzón azul de Gran Canaria (Fringilla polatzeki), un especialista de hábitat endémico de las Islas Canarias, restringido al pinar de Inagua, que sufrió un devastador incendio forestal en julio de 2007. Mediante un programa de censo estandarizado que tiene en cuenta la variación en la capacidad de detección, se ha hecho un seguimiento de la tendencia demográfica de la especie desde la declaración de Inagua como reserva natural integral en 1994. La densidad reproductiva del pinzón azul se mantuvo estable en Inagua desde el inicio del programa de seguimiento en 1994 hasta un año antes del incendio. No obstante, en la primavera de 2008, la densidad de la población se redujo a la mitad en comparación con los años anteriores. A partir de 2008, la población del pinzón azul ha venido aumentando gradualmente hasta alcanzar la densidad más alta jamás registrada en 2016 (15,8 aves/km2), lo que equivale a un incremento anual medio del 23,7 % y pone de manifiesto la resistencia impresionante de estas poblaciones ante catástrofes. Por lo tanto, la creación de la reserva integral de Inagua no promovió el aumento de población ni protegió al pinzón azul frente a una grave crisis demográfica, sino que probablemente evitó que la disminución de la población fuera más profunda o que se produjeran otras reducciones. Aparte de los dos años inmediatamente posteriores al incendio forestal de 2007, la densidad de población del pinzón azul en Inagua se mantuvo relativamente estable alrededor de 9–16 aves/km2, la menor abundancia jamás registrada para un paseriforme forestal de tamaño pequeño en todo el paleártico occidental.Evidence regarding population trends of endangered species in special protection areas and their recovery ability from catastrophic disturbances is scarce. We assessed the population trend of the Gran Canaria blue chaffinch (Fringilla polatzeki), a habitat specialist endemic to the pine forest of Inagua in the Canary Islands, following a devastating wildfire in July 2007. Using a standardized census program that accounts for detectability, we have monitored the population trend of the species since Inagua was declared a Strict Nature Reserve in 1994. The breeding population density of the blue chaffinch remained stable in Inagua from the beginning of the monitoring program in 1994 until the year before the wildfire. However, in spring 2008, the population density decreased by half with respect to density in the preceding years. Since 2008, the population has gradually increased, reaching its highest recorded density in 2016 (15.8 birds/km2).This represents an average annual increase of 23.7 %, indicating impressive resilience to catastrophic events. The creation of Inagua as a strict nature reserve did not therefore increase the global population or protect the blue chaffinch against a demographic crisis but probably prevented a deepening of the demographic crisis or further declines. Except for the two years immediately after the severe wildfire of 2007, the population density of the blue chaffinch in Inagua has remained relatively stable at around 9–16 birds/km2, the lowest recorded abundance for a small woodland passerine in the Western Palearctic.Marcada resiliencia de una especie de ave insular endémica después de una perturbación intensa: el caso del pinzón azul de Gran Canaria Son pocos los datos disponibles sobre la tendencia demográfica de las especies en peligro de extinción en zonas de protección especial y su capacidad de recuperarse de perturbaciones catastróficas. Se estudia la tendencia demográfica del pinzón azul de Gran Canaria (Fringilla polatzeki), un especialista de hábitat endémico de las Islas Canarias, restringido al pinar de Inagua, que sufrió un devastador incendio forestal en julio de 2007. Mediante un programa de censo estandarizado que tiene en cuenta la variación en la capacidad de detección, se ha hecho un seguimiento de la tendencia demográfica de la especie desde la declaración de Inagua como reserva natural integral en 1994. La densidad reproductiva del pinzón azul se mantuvo estable en Inagua desde el inicio del programa de seguimiento en 1994 hasta un año antes del incendio. No obstante, en la primavera de 2008, la densidad de la población se redujo a la mitad en comparación con los años anteriores. A partir de 2008, la población del pinzón azul ha venido aumentando gradualmente hasta alcanzar la densidad más alta jamás registrada en 2016 (15,8 aves/km2), lo que equivale a un incremento anual medio del 23,7 % y pone de manifiesto la resistencia impresionante de estas poblaciones ante catástrofes. Por lo tanto, la creación de la reserva integral de Inagua no promovió el aumento de población ni protegió al pinzón azul frente a una grave crisis demográfica, sino que probablemente evitó que la disminución de la población fuera más profunda o que se produjeran otras reducciones. Aparte de los dos años inmediatamente posteriores al incendio forestal de 2007, la densidad de población del pinzón azul en Inagua se mantuvo relativamente estable alrededor de 9–16 aves/km2, la menor abundancia jamás registrada para un paseriforme forestal de tamaño pequeño en todo el paleártico occidental

Bioprospecting and characterization of poly-bhydroxyalkanoate (PHAs) producing bacteria isolated from Colombian sugarcane producing areas

Bioprospecting for poly-b-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-accumulating micro-organisms was carried out in sugarcane growing areas of Colombia. They were isolated in unbalanced culture medium (highcarbon/nitrogen ratio) with sucrose, fructose and glucose used as carbon source. PHAs producing bacteria were identified by staining with Sudan black and solubilising cellular components in sodiumhypochlorite. A arbitrary scale was established (ranging from 1 to 4) for selecting the best strains, acording to growth, staining with Sudan black and solubilising cellular material. 108 isolates rated higher than 2 were obtained by using this scale; 44 of these were selected for evaluating them in a balloon flask for their ability to grow in sucrose. Scheffe’s test grouped the isolates evaluated in the balloon flask for polymer production and productivity. The 6 best isolates were evaluated in a fermenter to determine their kinetic growth profiles, substrate consumption and polymer accumulation. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used on the recovered polymer for determining fusion temperature and the conclusion was reached that 2 strains accumulated poly--hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and another 4 accumulated hydroxy-butyrate copolymers and other monomer units. These 6 strains were molecularly characterised by partially sequencing the 16s rRNA ribosomal gene, localizing them in 4 clusters on the taxonomic tree

Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of acute and subacute low back pain for the Peruvian Social Security (EsSalud)

Introducción. El presente artículo resume la guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de lumbalgia aguda y subaguda en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud). Objetivo. Proveer recomendaciones clínicas basadas en evidencia para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de lumbalgia aguda y subaguda en EsSalud. Métodos. Se conformó un grupo elaborador local (GEG-Local) que incluyó médicos especialistas y metodólogos. El GEG-Local formuló 11 preguntas clínicas a ser respondidas por la presente GPC. Se realizaron búsquedas sistemáticas de revisiones sistemáticas y –cuando fue considerado pertinente–estudios primarios en Pubmed, Embase y la biblioteca Cochrane durante el 2016. Se seleccionó la evidencia para responder cada una de las preguntas clínicas planteadas. La calidad de la evidencia fue evaluada usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). En reuniones de trabajo periódicas, el GEG-Local usó la metodología GRADE para revisar la evidencia y formular las recomendaciones y los flujogramas de diagnóstico y tratamiento. Finalmente, la GPC fue aprobada con Resolución N° 43- IETSI-ESSALUD-2016. Resultados. La presente GPC abordó 11 preguntas clínicas, divididas en tres temas: diagnóstico (tres preguntas), tratamiento no farmacológico (cuatro preguntas) y tratamiento farmacológico de lumbalgia (cuatro preguntas). En base a dichas preguntas se formularon 12 recomendaciones (2 recomendaciones fuertes, y 10 recomendaciones condicionales) y 2 flujogramas. Conclusión. El presente artículo resume la metodología y las conclusiones basadas en evidencias de la GPC para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de lumbalgia en EsSalud.Introduction. This article summarizes the clinical practice guide (CPG) for the diagnosis and management of acute and sub-acute low back pain in the Social Security of Peru (EsSalud). Objective. To provide clinical recommendations based on evidence for the diagnosis and management of acute and sub-acute low back pain in EsSalud. Methods. A CPG for the diagnosis and management of low-back pain in EsSalud was developed. To this end, a local guideline development group (local GDG) was established, including medical specialists and methodologists. The local GDG formulated 11 clinical questions to be answered by this CPG. Systematic searches of systematic reviews and -when it was considered pertinent- primary studies were conducted in Pubmed, Embase and the Cochrane library during 2016. The evidence to answer each of the posed clinical questions was selected. The quality of the evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. In periodic work meetings, the local GDG used the GRADE methodology to review the evidence and formulate the recommendations and the flowcharts of diagnosis and treatment. Finally, the CPG was approved with Resolution N 43-IETSI-ESSALUD-2016. Results. This CPG addressed 11 clinical questions, divided into three topics: diagnosis (three questions), non-pharmacological treatment (four questions), and pharmacological treatment of low-back pain (four questions). Based on these questions, 12 recommendations (2 strong recommendations and 10 conditional recommendations), and 2 flowcharts were formulated. Conclusion. This article summarizes the methodology and evidence-based conclusions from the CPG for the diagnosis and management of low-back pain in EsSalud

Small-scale solar magnetic fields

As we resolve ever smaller structures in the solar atmosphere, it has become clear that magnetism is an important component of those small structures. Small-scale magnetism holds the key to many poorly understood facets of solar magnetism on all scales, such as the existence of a local dynamo, chromospheric heating, and flux emergence, to name a few. Here, we review our knowledge of small-scale photospheric fields, with particular emphasis on quiet-sun field, and discuss the implications of several results obtained recently using new instruments, as well as future prospects in this field of research.Comment: 43 pages, 18 figure

Guía de práctica clínica para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de hemofilia en el Seguro Social de Salud del Perú (EsSalud)

Introduction. Hemophilia is a rare congenital bleeding disorder; which requires interdisciplinary, complex, and often expensive management. The objective of this clinical practice guideline (CPG) is to provide evidence-based clinical recommendations for the evaluation and management of patients with hemophilia in the Peruvian Social Security (EsSalud). Methods. A local elaboration group (GEG-Local) was established, conformed by specialists in hematology and methodologists. The GEG-Local formulated 8 clinical questions to be answered by this CPG. We searched for and selected hemophilia CPGs that answered the questions posed and obtained a score higher than 60% in domains 1 and 3 of the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II (AGREE-II). During 2016, bibliographic searches were conducted in Pubmed, EMBASE and the Cochrane library, to update 7 clinical questions of the preselected CPG, and to answer a question de novo. In regular work meetings, the GEG-Local reviewed the evidence and formulated the recommendations and flowcharts using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. Finally, the CPG was approved with Resolution No. 32-IETSI-ESSALUD-2016. Results. This CPG addressed 8 clinical questions. Based on these questions, 22 recommendations were formulated (three strong recommendations and 19 weak recommendations) and four flowcharts. Conclusion. This article is the summary of the EsSalud CPG, in which the available scientific evidence on the diagnosis and treatment of hemophilia was assessed.Introducción. La hemofilia es un trastorno hemorrágico congénito poco común que requiere un manejo interdisciplinario, complejo, y frecuentemente costoso. El objetivo de la presente guía de práctica clínica (GPC) es proveer recomendaciones clínicas basadas en evidencia para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de hemofilia en el seguro social del Perú (EsSalud). Métodos. Se conformó un grupo elaborador local (GEG-Local) conformado por especialistas en hematología y metodólogos. El GEG-Local formuló ocho preguntas clínicas a ser respondidas por la presente GPC. Se buscaron y seleccionaron GPC de hemofilia que respondieran a las preguntas planteadas y obtuvieran un puntaje mayor a 60% en los dominios uno y tres del instrumento Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II (AGREE-II). Durante el 2016 se realizaron búsquedas bibliográficas en Pubmed, EMBASE y biblioteca Cochrane, para actualizar siete preguntas clínicas de la GPC preseleccionada, y para responder una pregunta de novo. En reuniones de trabajo periódicas, el GEGLocal revisó la evidencia y formuló las recomendaciones y flujogramas usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Finalmente, la GPC fue aprobada con Resolución N° 32-IETSI-ESSALUD-2016. Resultados. La presente GPC abordó ocho preguntas clínicas. En base a dichas preguntas se formularon 22 recomendaciones (tres recomendaciones fuertes y 19 recomendaciones condicionales) y cuatro flujogramas. Conclusión. Este artículo es el resumen de la GPC de EsSalud, en la cual se valoró la evidencia científica disponible sobre diagnóstico y tratamiento de hemofilia

Social mobility and healthy behaviours from a gender perspective in the Spanish multicase-control study (MCC-Spain)

There is evidence for the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on healthy behaviours but the effect of social mobility (SM) is not yet well known. This study aims to analyse the influence of origin and destination SES (O-SES and D-SES) and SM on healthy behaviours and co-occurrence, from an integrated gender and age perspective. Data were obtained from the controls of MCC-Spain between 2008-2013 (3,606 participants). Healthy behaviours considered: healthy diet, moderate alcohol consumption, non-smoking and physical activity. SM was categorized as stable high, upward, stable medium, downward or stable low. Binary and multinomial logistic regression models were adjusted. Those aged <65, with a low O-SES, D-SES and stable low SM are less likely to have healthy behaviours in the case of both women (physically active: OR = 0.65 CI = 0.45-0.94, OR = 0.71 CI = 0.52-0.98, OR = 0.61 CI = 0.41-0.91) and men (non-smokers: OR = 0.44 CI = 0.26-0.76, OR = 0.54 CI = 0.35-0.83, OR = 0.41 CI 0.24-0.72; physically active: OR = 0.57 CI = 0.35-0.92, OR = 0.64 CI = 0.44-0.95, OR = 0.53 CI = 0.23-0.87). However, for those aged ≥65, this probability is higher in women with a low O-SES and D-SES (non-smoker: OR = 8.09 CI = 4.18-15.67, OR = 4.14 CI = 2.28-7.52; moderate alcohol consumption: OR = 3.00 CI = 1.45-6.24, OR = 2.83 CI = 1.49-5.37) and in men with a stable low SM (physically active: OR = 1.52 CI = 1.02-1.26). In the case of men, the same behaviour pattern is observed in those with a low O-SES as those with upward mobility, with a higher probability of co-occurring behaviours (three-to-four behaviours: OR = 2.00 CI = 1.22-3.29; OR = 3.13 CI = 1.31-7.48). The relationship of O-SES, D-SES and SM with healthy behaviours is complex and differs according to age and gender.This research was supported by the “Acción Transversal del Cancer”, approved by the Spanish Council of Ministers on 11th October 2007, by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III-FEDER [grant number:PI08/1770, PI08/0533, PI08/1359, PS09/00773-Cantabria, PS09/01286-León, PS09/01903-Valencia, PS09/02078-Huelva, PS09/ 01662-Granada, PI11/01403, PI11/01889-FEDER, PI11/00226, PI11/01810, PI11/02213, PI12/00488, PI12/00265, PI12/01270, PI12/00715, PI12/00150, PI14/01219, PI14/0613, PI15/00069, PI15/00914, PI15/01032, PI11/01810, PI14/01219, PI11/02213, PIE16/00049, PI17/01179, PI17-00092], by the Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla [grant number: API 10/09], by the ICGC International Cancer Genome Consortium CLL (The ICGC CLL-Genome Project is funded by Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) through the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)), by the Red Temática de Investigación del Cáncer (RTICC) del ISCIII [grant number: RD12/0036/0036], by the Junta de Castilla y León [grant number: LE22A10-2], by the Consejería de Salud of the Junta de Andalucía [grant number: PI-0571-2009, PI-0306-2011, salud201200057018tra], by the Conselleria de Sanitat of the Generalitat Valenciana [grant number: AP_061/10], by the Recercaixa [grant number: 2010ACUP00310], by the Regional Government of the Basque Country, by the Consejería de Sanidad de la Región de Murcia, by the European Commission [grant number: FOOD-CT-2006-036224-HIWATE], by the Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC) Scientific Foundation [grant number: GCTRA18022MORE], by the Catalan Government-Agency for Management of University and Research Grants (AGAUR) [grant number: 2014SGR647, 2014SGR850 and 2017SGR723], by the Fundación Caja de Ahorros de Asturias and by the University of Oviedo. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.S

Use of anthropogenic material affects bird nest arthropod community structure: influence of urbanisation, and consequences for ectoparasites and fledging success

Nests are a critically important factor in determining the breeding success of many species of birds. Nevertheless, we have surprisingly little understanding of how local environment helps shape materials used in construction, how this differs among related species using similar nest sites, or if materials used directly or indirectly influence the numbers of offspring successfully reared. We also have little understanding of any potential links between nest construction and the assemblage of invertebrates which inhabit the nest and in particular, with ectoparasites. We addressed these questions by monitoring the success rates of nest-box using Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus and Great Tits Parus major, from rural, urban greenspace and urban garden settings. We collected used nests, identified arthropods present, and measured the proportions of highly processed anthropogenic materials used in their construction. Some 25% of Great Tit nest materials were of an anthropogenic source and this was consistent across habitats, while Blue Tits used little (1-2%) except in gardens (~16%), suggesting that Great Tits preferentially sought out these materials. In fledged nests, increasing use of anthropogenic material was associated with lower general arthropod diversity and ectoparasite predator abundance (Blue Tits only) but higher levels of Siphonapterans (fleas). Higher arthropod diversity was associated with lower flea numbers, suggesting that increased diversity played a role in limiting flea numbers. No direct link was found between breeding success and either anthropogenic material usage, or arthropod diversity and abundance. However, breeding success declined with increasing urbanisation in both species and increased with nest weight in Blue Tits. The interplay between urbanisation and bird ecology is complex; our work shows that subtle anthropogenic influences may have indirect and unexpected consequences for urban birds