Star Formation Under the Outflow: The Discovery of a Non-Thermal Jet from OMC-2 FIR 3 and its Relationship to the Deeply Embedded FIR 4 Protostar

We carried out multiwavelength (0.7-5 cm), multiepoch (1994-2015) Very Large Array (VLA) observations toward the region enclosing the bright far-IR sources FIR 3 (HOPS 370) and FIR 4 (HOPS 108) in OMC-2. We report the detection of 10 radio sources, seven of them identified as young stellar objects. We image a well-collimated radio jet with a thermal free-free core (VLA 11) associated with the Class I intermediate-mass protostar HOPS 370. The jet presents several knots (VLA 12N, 12C, 12S) of non-thermal radio emission (likely synchrotron from shock-accelerated relativistic electrons) at distances of ~7,500-12,500 au from the protostar, in a region where other shock tracers have been previously identified. These knots are moving away from the HOPS 370 protostar at ~ 100 km/s. The Class 0 protostar HOPS 108, which itself is detected as an independent, kinematically decoupled radio source, falls in the path of these non-thermal radio knots. These results favor the previously proposed scenario where the formation of HOPS 108 has been triggered by the impact of the HOPS 370 outflow with a dense clump. However, HOPS 108 presents a large proper motion velocity of ~ 30 km/s, similar to that of other runaway stars in Orion, whose origin would be puzzling within this scenario. Alternatively, an apparent proper motion could result because of changes in the position of the centroid of the source due to blending with nearby extended emission, variations in the source shape, and /or opacity effects.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

Biological control of Ilex paraguariensis (A. St.-Hil.) pests with Beauveria sp.

The objective of this study was to verify the potentiality of producing Beauveria spore in agro-industrial waste, the maintenance of their viability after drying and storage tests and of testing its pathogenicity against insects of occurrence in mate culture: Thelosia camina e Hylesia sp. It was used Beauveria sp. strain LAG, isolated of a infected Thelosia camina caterpillar. The spore were produced in the blend of refused potatoes and sugar-cane bagasse (60-40%) and used for the drying test which resulted in 76% of viability after 24h/35 °C, with concentrations of more of 109 spore.g-1 of the material after storage at room temperature for 60 days. The experiments of pathogenicity resulted in death rates which ranged from 15.9 to 97%, depending on the form of application (immersion or spraying), the used concentration (suspensions of 108 to 105spore.mL-1 or suspension of macerate form infected caterpillars with the fungus), being these applications done in vitro or in the field. This study allowed to verify and confirm the pathogenicity of the strain Beauveria sp. - LAG on the lepidopteran on larval phase, as Thelosia camina and Hylesia sp.; which can be use as a possible biological control agent for the culture of mate.O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a potencialidade de produção do fungo Beauveria sp. em resíduos agroindustriais, a manutenção da viabilidade dos esporos após secagem e armazenamento e sua patogenicidade em insetos de ocorrência na erva-mate: Thelosia camina e Hylesia sp. Utilizou-se a cepa LAG de Beauveria sp., isolada de uma lagarta Thelosia camina infectada. Os esporos foram produzidos em uma mistura de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e batata-refugo (60-40%) e utilizados para testes de secagem que resultaram em 76% de viabilidade após 24h/35ºC, com concentração de mais de 109 esporos.g-1 do material após armazenamento em temperatura ambiente durante 60 dias. Os experimentos de patogenicidade resultaram em índices de mortalidade que variaram de 15,9 a 97%, de acordo com a forma de aplicação (imersão ou pulverização) e com a concentração utilizada (suspensões de 108 a 10 5esporos.mL-1 ou suspensão de macerado de lagartas infectadas com o fungo); sendo essas aplicações feitas in vitro ou a campo. Este estudo possibilitou verificar e confirmar a patogenicidade da cepa Beauveria sp. sobre os lepidópteros na fase larval, como Thelosia camina e Hylesia sp., que pode ser usado como possível agente de controle biológico na cultura da erva-mate

Influence of Azospirillum sp. inoculation in wheat, barley and oats

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da inoculação com Azospirillum sp. RAM-7 em trigo, cevada e aveia no rendimento, densidade e nitrogênio total nos grãos. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em condições de campo. Os tratamentos envolveram a inoculação de bactérias, com a presença ou não de diferentes doses de fertilização nitrogenada e o controle absoluto. A inoculação foi feita pelo método de contaminação das sementes com uma suspensão de bactérias contendo 1010 UFC.mL-1. Efeitos estatisticamente significativos sobre a produtividade de grãos de trigo foram obtidos no tratamento inoculado e sem a adição de fertilização nitrogenada, aumentando o rendimento em 23,9% em relação ao controle (p menor 0,05). No tratamento inoculado associado a 48 kg de N.ha-1, a produtividade foi similar à obtida no tratamento com 60 kg de N.ha-1 com ou sem inoculação. Na cevada, o rendimento de grãos do tratamento inoculado associado a 32 kg de N.ha-1 foi semelhante ao que recebeu 40 kg de N.ha-1 com ou sem inoculação (p menor 0,05). Na aveia, os tratamentos não diferiram de seus controles em relação ao rendimento, densidade e nitrogênio total dos grãos. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa indicam a possibilidade da substituição parcial da fertilização nitrogenada inorgânica pela inoculação de Azospirillum sp. RAM-7 nas culturas de trigo, cevada e aveia

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Bio-inspired geotechnical engineering: Principles, current work, opportunities and challenges

publishedVersio

Bio-inspired geotechnical engineering: principles, current work, opportunities and challenges

A broad diversity of biological organisms and systems interact with soil in ways that facilitate their growth and survival. These interactions are made possible by strategies that enable organisms to accomplish functions that can be analogous to those required in geotechnical engineering systems. Examples include anchorage in soft and weak ground, penetration into hard and stiff subsurface materials and movement in loose sand. Since the biological strategies have been ‘vetted’ by the process of natural selection, and the functions they accomplish are governed by the same physical laws in both the natural and engineered environments, they represent a unique source of principles and design ideas for addressing geotechnical challenges. Prior to implementation as engineering solutions, however, the differences in spatial and temporal scales and material properties between the biological environment and engineered system must be addressed. Current bio-inspired geotechnics research is addressing topics such as soil excavation and penetration, soil–structure interface shearing, load transfer between foundation and anchorage elements and soils, and mass and thermal transport, having gained inspiration from organisms such as worms, clams, ants, termites, fish, snakes and plant roots. This work highlights the potential benefits to both geotechnical engineering through new or improved solutions and biology through understanding of mechanisms as a result of cross-disciplinary interactions and collaborations

Final Targeting Strategy for the SDSS-IV APOGEE-2N Survey

APOGEE-2 is a dual-hemisphere, near-infrared (NIR), spectroscopic survey with the goal of producing a chemo-dynamical mapping of the Milky Way Galaxy. The targeting for APOGEE-2 is complex and has evolved with time. In this paper, we present the updates and additions to the initial targeting strategy for APOGEE-2N presented in Zasowski et al. (2017). These modifications come in two implementation modes: (i) "Ancillary Science Programs" competitively awarded to SDSS-IV PIs through proposal calls in 2015 and 2017 for the pursuit of new scientific avenues outside the main survey, and (ii) an effective 1.5-year expansion of the survey, known as the Bright Time Extension, made possible through accrued efficiency gains over the first years of the APOGEE-2N project. For the 23 distinct ancillary programs, we provide descriptions of the scientific aims, target selection, and how to identify these targets within the APOGEE-2 sample. The Bright Time Extension permitted changes to the main survey strategy, the inclusion of new programs in response to scientific discoveries or to exploit major new datasets not available at the outset of the survey design, and expansions of existing programs to enhance their scientific success and reach. After describing the motivations, implementation, and assessment of these programs, we also leave a summary of lessons learned from nearly a decade of APOGEE-1 and APOGEE-2 survey operations. A companion paper, Santana et al. (submitted), provides a complementary presentation of targeting modifications relevant to APOGEE-2 operations in the Southern Hemisphere.Comment: 59 pages; 11 Figures; 7 Tables; 2 Appendices; Submitted to Journal and Under Review; Posting to accompany papers using the SDSS-IV/APOGEE-2 Data Release 17 scheduled for December 202