Genetic correlation between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and schizophrenia

A. Palotie on työryhmän Schizophrenia Working Grp Psychiat jäsen.We have previously shown higher-than-expected rates of schizophrenia in relatives of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), suggesting an aetiological relationship between the diseases. Here, we investigate the genetic relationship between ALS and schizophrenia using genome-wide association study data from over 100,000 unique individuals. Using linkage disequilibrium score regression, we estimate the genetic correlation between ALS and schizophrenia to be 14.3% (7.05-21.6; P = 1 x 10(-4)) with schizophrenia polygenic risk scores explaining up to 0.12% of the variance in ALS (P = 8.4 x 10(-7)). A modest increase in comorbidity of ALS and schizophrenia is expected given these findings (odds ratio 1.08-1.26) but this would require very large studies to observe epidemiologically. We identify five potential novel ALS-associated loci using conditional false discovery rate analysis. It is likely that shared neurobiological mechanisms between these two disorders will engender novel hypotheses in future preclinical and clinical studies.Peer reviewe

Fulton County architecture, 1836-1900

The purpose of this study will be to follow the development of architectural styles in Fulton County from the year 1836 to the year 1900. Therefore, it will be necessary to describe the architecture of Fulton County as it relates to the architectural styles of the nineteenth-century.For example, the century began with a style of architecture referred to as the Federal style. Sophisticated homes in this architectural style were built in Knox County, Indiana as early as 1803. At the same time, the land that would eventually become Fulton County was a forested wilderness inhabited by the Pottawatomi Indians. Fulton County was not organized until 1836, forty-six years after the first Indiana county was formed in 1790. This accounts for the fact that the writer could not find an example of the Federal style of architecture in Fulton County.After consulting with the staff of the Fulton County library, the Akron library, and the Fulton County Historical Society, it was apparent that literally nothing had been written concerning the architecture of Fulton County. This is not to say that there was a lack of interest in this subject. Both of the libraries and the Historical Society expressed great interest in any information concerning the public and domestic architecture and all three ask to have a copy of any study written on this subject.Many of the old buildings in Fulton County have, as in many other communities, already disappeared. More of these old buildings are doomed in the future. This study will preserve at least part of the architectural heritage of the county for future generations.Thesis (M.A.E.