Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the adults of Republic of Srpska

Metabolički sindrom (MS) se definiše kao skup rizičnih faktora (povišen krvni pritisak, visok nivo šećera u krvi, abdominalna gojaznost i visok nivo holesterola u krvi) za nastanak kardiovaskularnih oboljenja koji se javljaju zajedno, čime se povećava rizik od bolesti srca, moždanog udara i dijabetesa. Prevalenciju MS je teško odrediti s obzirom da se u svijetu za njegovu ocjenu koriste različiti kriterijumi. Na osnovu do sada objavljenih podataka uočava se da prevalencija metaboličkog sindroma raste paralelno s globalnom epidemijom gojaznosti. Ciljevi rada: Utvrditi prevalenciju MS i njegovih komponenti kod odraslih stanovnika Republike Srpske u odnosu na uzrast, pol, socioekonomski status, nivo obrazovanja i zdravstveno ponašanje; izračunati prevalenciju MS koristeći oba kriterijuma za obim struka (Evropskog udruženja kardiologa ili NCEP ATPIII i IDF); ispitati da li između učestalosti metaboličkog sindroma, odnosno njegovih pojedinačnih komponenti i prisustva kardiovaskularnih oboljenja i dijabetesa postoji pozitivna korelacija; procijeniti prevalenciju kardiovaskularnog zdravlja kod odraslih stanovnika Republike Srpske u odnosu na uzrast, pol i nivo obrazovanja. Metod: Istraživanje je provedeno po tipu studije presjeka na teritoriji Republike Srpske u šest geografskih područja (regioni Banja Luka, Doboj, Bijeljina, Foča, Istočno Sarajevo i Trebinje) u periodu septembar 2010 – juni 2011. godine. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo populaciju Republike Srpske starosti 18 godina i više, prisutnu u zemlji najmanje godinu dana prije provođenja istraživanja. Osnovni sociodemografski podaci, podaci o ponašanju i zdravstvenom stanju prikupljeni su putem intervjua, stanje uhranjenosti je ocjenjeno na osnovu antropometrijskih parametara (tjelesna visina, tjelesna masa, obim struka), ispitanici su podvrgnuti biohemijskim pretragama (uzeti uzorci kapilarne krvi) radi određivanja šećera u krvi, holesterola i triglicerida i izmjeren im je krvni pritisak. Prevalencija MS je utvrđena korišćenjem IDF i revidirane NCEP ATPIII definicije...Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (increased blood pressure, a high blood sugar level, abdominal obesity and high cholesterol level) that occur together, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke and Diabetes. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is difficult to determine due to different criteria for its assessment used in the world. On the basis of the published data the prevalence of MetS is growing in parallel with the global epidemic of obesity. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of the MetS and its components in the adult population of the Republic of Srpska in relation to age, sex, socioeconomic status, level of education and health behavior; to calculate the prevalence of the MetS using both criteria for waist circumference (European Society of Cardiology and the NCEP ATPIII and IDF); to investigate if there is a correlation between the incidence of MetS and its components and the presence of cardiovascular disease and Diabetes; and to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular health in the adult population of the Republic of Srpska in relation to age, sex and education level. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted in six geographic areas of the Republic of Srpska (Banja Luka, Doboj, Bijeljina, Foca, East Sarajevo and Trebinje) from September 2010 to June 2011. The survey included the population aged 18 years and older, present in the country for at least a year before the survey was conducted. Basic socio-demographic data, behavioral and health status data were collected through interviews, nutritional status was evaluated on the basis of anthropometric parameters (weight, height, waist circumference), biochemical analyzes (blood sugar, total cholesterol and triglycerides) were performed from capillary blood and the blood pressure was measured. The prevalence of MetS was calculated using the IDF and the revised NCEP ATPIII definition. Results: The prevalence of IDF-defined MetS was 38.4% , while the prevalence of NCEP ATP III-defined MetS was 36.0%. It was higher in women than in men, it increased with age and was higher among lower educated people..

Prevalenca anemije kod žena u reproduktivnoj dobi u Republici Srpskoj

Uvod. Anemija je važan javnozdravstveni problem prepoznat širom svijetabilo da se javlja izolovano ili udružena sa ostalim oblicima malnutricije.U 2016. godini prevalenca anemije u svijetu je kod žena u reproduktivnojdobi iznosila 32,0% odnosno postojala je kod 613 miliona žena starosti 15-49 godina. Cilj rada je bio utvrditi prevalencu anemije kod osoba ženskogpola u reproduktivnoj dobi (>15≤49 godina) u Republici Srpskoj i utvrditipovezanost između prehrambenih navika i prevalence anemije.Metode. Istraživanje je provedeno kao studija presjeka. Uzorak je dizajnirankao dvoetapni stratifikovani slučajni uzorak, sa popisnim krugovimaodabranim u prvoj etapi i domaćinstvima u drugoj etapi. Istraživanjem jeobuhvaćeno 1539 osoba ženskog pola starosti od 15 do 49 godina. Za ispitivanjeosnovnih sociodemografskih karakteristika uzorka i navika u ishraniispitanica korišćeni su za to posebno kreirani upitnici. Za mjerenje koncentracijehemoglobina u krvi korišćen je Photometer, HemoCue Hb 301/SET.Rezultati. Prevalenca anemije kod žena u reproduktivnoj dobi u RepubliciSrpskoj iznosi 11,8% i svrstava Republiku Srpsku u zemlje sa niskomprevalencom. Anemija se statistički značajno češće javlja (p<0,001) u starosnojkategoriji od 36 do 49 godina i na geografskom području Doboja iIstočnog Sarajeva (p=0,002). Analizom navika u ishrani, sa posebnim osvrtomna unos namirnica sa hem i non-hem željezom, dokazano je da osobebez anemije unose statistički značajno više namirnica sa hem željezom(p=0,009). Utvrđena je slaba, ali statistički značajna veza između upotrebesuplemenata željeza i odsustva anemije (r= -0,064, p=0,013).Zaključak. Republika Srpska spada u zemlje sa niskim opterećenjem anemijom,ali je neophodno nastaviti sa aktivnostima usmjerenim na unapređenjeishrane svih kategorija stanovništva, a posebno voditi računa o unosunamirnica sa hem željezom

Socioeconomic differences in food habits among 6- to 9-year-old children from 23 countries-WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI 2015/2017)

Background: Socioeconomic differences in children's food habits are a key public health concern. In order to inform policy makers, cross-country surveillance studies of dietary patterns across socioeconomic groups are required. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and children's food habits. Methods: The study was based on nationally representative data from children aged 6-9 years (n = 129,164) in 23 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region. Multivariate multilevel analyses were used to explore associations between children's food habits (consumption of fruit, vegetables, and sugar-containing soft drinks) and parental education, perceived family wealth and parental employment status. Results: Overall, the present study suggests that unhealthy food habits are associated with lower SES, particularly as assessed by parental education and family perceived wealth, but not parental employment status. We found cross-national and regional variation in associations between SES and food habits and differences in the extent to which the respective indicators of SES were related to children's diet. Conclusion: Socioeconomic differences in children's food habits exist in the majority of European and Asian countries examined in this study. The results are of relevance when addressing strategies, policy actions, and interventions targeting social inequalities in children's diets.The authors gratefully acknowledge support from a grant from the Russian Government in the context of the WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of NCDs. Data collection in the countries was made possible through funding from Albania: WHO through the Joint Programme on Children, Food Security and Nutrition “Reducing Malnutrition in Children,” funded by the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund, and the Institute of Public Health; Bulgaria: Ministry of Health, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, WHO Regional Office for Europe; Croatia: Ministry of Health, Croatian Institute of Public Health and WHO Regional Office for Europe; Czechia: Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, grant nr. AZV MZČR 17-31670 A and MZČ–VO EÚ 00023761; Denmark: Danish Ministry of Health; Georgia: WHO; Ireland: Health Service Executive; Italy: Ministry of Health and Italian National Institute of Health; Kazakhstan: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan and WHO Country Office; Kyrgyzstan: World Health Organization; Latvia: Ministry of Health, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; Lithuania: Science Foundation of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences and Lithuanian Science Council and WHO; Malta: Ministry of Health; Montenegro: WHO and Institute of Public Health of Montenegro; Norway: Ministry of Health and Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Poland: National Health Programme, Ministry of Health; Portugal: Ministry of Health Institutions, the National Institute of Health, Directorate General of Health, Regional Health Directorates and the kind technical support from the Center for Studies and Research on Social Dynamics and Health (CEIDSS); Romania: Ministry of Health; Russian Federation: WHO; San Marino: Health Ministry, Educational Ministry; Serbia: This study was supported by the World Health Organization (Ref. File 2015-540940); Spain: Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN); Tajikistan: WHO Country Office in Tajikistan and Ministry of Health and Social Protection; Turkmenistan: WHO Country Office in Turkmenistan and Ministry of Health; Turkey: Turkish Ministry of Health and World Bank. The CO-CREATE project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 774210.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Socioeconomic inequalities in overweight and obesity among 6‐ to 9‐year‐old children in 24 countries from the World Health Organization European region

Childhood overweight and obesity have significant short- and long-term negative impacts on children's health and well-being. These challenges are unequally distributed according to socioeconomic status (SES); however, previous studies have often lacked standardized and objectively measured data across national contexts to assess these differences. This study provides a cross-sectional picture of the association between SES and childhood overweight and obesity, based on data from 123,487 children aged 6–9 years in 24 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) European region. Overall, associations were found between overweight/obesity and the three SES indicators used (parental education, parental employment status, and family-perceived wealth). Our results showed an inverse relationship between the prevalence of childhood overweight/obesity and parental education in high-income countries, whereas the opposite relationship was observed in most of the middle-income countries. The same applied to family-perceived wealth, although parental employment status appeared to be less associated with overweight and obesity or not associated at all. This paper highlights the need for close attention to context when designing interventions, as the association between SES and childhood overweight and obesity varies by country economic development. Population-based interventions have an important role to play, but policies that target specific SES groups are also needed to address inequalities.The authors gratefully acknowledge support through a grant from the Russian Government in the context of the WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of NCDs. The Ministries of health of Austria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Malta, Norway, and the Russian Federation provided financial support for the meetings at which the protocol, data collection procedures, and analyses were discussed. Data collection in the countries was made possible through funding from: Albania: World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office Albania and the WHO Regional Office for Europe. Bulgaria: WHO Regional Office for Europe. Croatia: Ministry of Health, Croatian Institute of Public Health and WHO Regional Office for Europe. Czechia: Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, grant nr. 17-31670A and MZCR—RVO EU 00023761. Denmark: The Danish Ministry of Health. France: Santé publique France, the French Agency for Public Health. Georgia: WHO. Ireland: Health Service Executive. Italy: Italian Ministry of Health; Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità). Kazakhstan: the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan within the scientific and technical program. Kyrgyzstan: World Health Organization. Latvia: Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Latvia. Lithuania: Science Foundation of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences and Lithuanian Science Council and WHO. Malta: Ministry of Health; Montenegro: WHO and Institute of Public Health of Montenegro. Poland, National Health Program, Ministry of Health. Portugal: Ministry of Health Institutions, the National Institute of Health, Directorate General of Health, Regional Health Directorates and the kind technical support from the Center for Studies and Research on Social Dynamics and Health (CEIDSS). Romania: Ministry of Health; Russian Federation: WHO. San Marino: Health Ministry, Educational Ministry, Social Security Institute and Health Authority. Spain: the Spanish Agency for Food Safety & Nutrition. Tajikistan: WHO Country Office in Tajikistan and Ministry of Health and Social Protection. Turkmenistan: WHO Country Office in Turkmenistan and Ministry of Health. Turkey: Turkish Ministry of Health and World Bank.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Methodology and implementation of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI)

Establishment of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI)has resulted in a surveillance system which provides regular, reliable, timely, andaccurate data on children's weight status—through standardized measurement ofbodyweight and height—in the WHO European Region. Additional data on dietaryintake, physical activity, sedentary behavior, family background, and schoolenvironments are collected in several countries. In total, 45 countries in the EuropeanRegion have participated in COSI. The first five data collection rounds, between 2007and 2021, yielded measured anthropometric data on over 1.3 million children. In COSI,data are collected according to a common protocol, using standardized instrumentsand procedures. The systematic collection and analysis of these data enables inter-country comparisons and reveals differences in the prevalence of childhood thinness,overweight, normal weight, and obesity between and within populations. Furthermore,it facilitates investigation of the relationship between overweight, obesity, and poten-tial risk or protective factors and improves the understanding of the development ofoverweight and obesity in European primary-school children in order to supportappropriate and effective policy responses.The authors gratefully acknowledge support through a grant from the Russian Government in the context of the WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of NCDs. The ministries of health of Austria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Malta, Norway, and the Russian Federation provided financial support for the meetings at which the protocol, data collection procedures, and analyses were discussed. Data collection in countries was made possible through funding from the following: Albania: WHO through the Joint Programme on Children, Food Security and Nutrition “Reducing Malnutrition in Children,” funded by the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund, and the Institute of Public Health. Austria: Federal Ministry of Labor, Social Affairs, Health and Consumer Protection of Austria. Bulgaria: Ministry of Health, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, and WHO Regional Office for Europe. Bosnia and Herzegovina: WHO country office support for training and data management. Croatia: Ministry of Health, Croatian Institute of Public Health, and WHO Regional Office for Europe. Czechia: Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, grant number 17-31670A and MZCR—RVO EU 00023761. Denmark: Danish Ministry of Health. Estonia: Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Education and Research (IUT 42-2), WHO Country Office, and National Institute for Health Development. Finland: Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. France: Santé publique France (the French Agency for Public Health). Georgia: WHO. Greece: International Hellenic University and Hellenic Medical Association for Obesity. Hungary: WHO Country Office for Hungary. Ireland: Health Service Executive. Italy: Ministry of Health. Kazakhstan: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, WHO, and UNICEF. Kyrgyzstan: World Health Organization. Latvia: Ministry of Health and Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Lithuania: Science Foundation of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences and Lithuanian Science Council and WHO. Malta: Ministry of Health. Montenegro: WHO and Institute of Public Health of Montenegro. North Macedonia: Government of North Macedonia through National Annual Program of Public Health and implemented by the Institute of Public Health and Centers of Public Health; WHO country office provides support for training and data management. Norway: the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services, the Norwegian Directorate of Health, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Poland: National Health Programme, Ministry of Health. Portugal: Ministry of Health Institutions, the National Institute of Health, Directorate General of Health, Regional Health Directorates, and the kind technical support from the Center for Studies and Research on Social Dynamics and Health (CEIDSS). Romania: Ministry of Health. Russian Federation: WHO. San Marino: Health Ministry, Educational Ministry, and Social Security Institute and Health Authority. Serbia: WHO and the WHO Country Office (2015-540940 and 2018/873491-0). Slovakia: Biennial Collaborative Agreement between WHO Regional Office for Europe and Ministry of Health SR. Slovenia: Ministry of Education, Science and Sport of the Republic of Slovenia within the SLOfit surveillance system. Spain: Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition. Sweden: Public Health Agency of Sweden. Tajikistan: WHO Country Office in Tajikistan and Ministry of Health and Social Protection. Turkmenistan: WHO Country Office in Turkmenistan and Ministry of Health. Turkey: Turkish Ministry of Health and World Bank.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration of children aged 6-9 years in 25 countries:An analysis within the WHO european childhood obesity surveillance initiative (COSI) 2015-2017

BACKGROUND: Children are becoming less physically active as opportunities for safe active play, recreational activities, and active transport decrease. At the same time, sedentary screen-based activities both during school and leisure time are increasing. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate physical activity (PA), screen time, and sleep duration of girls and boys aged 6-9 years in Europe using data from the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). METHOD: The fourth COSI data collection round was conducted in 2015-2017, using a standardized protocol that included a family form completed by parents with specific questions about their children's PA, screen time, and sleep duration. RESULTS: Nationally representative data from 25 countries was included and information on the PA behaviour, screen time, and sleep duration of 150,651 children was analysed. Pooled analysis showed that: 79.4% were actively playing for >1 h each day, 53.9% were not members of a sport or dancing club, 50.0% walked or cycled to school each day, 60.2% engaged in screen time for 1 h/day, 8.2-85.6% were not members of a sport or dancing club, 17.7-94.0% walked or cycled to school each day, 32.3-80.0% engaged in screen time for <2 h/day, and 50.0-95.8% slept for 9-11 h/night. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of engagement in PA and the achievement of healthy screen time and sleep duration are heterogenous across the region. Policymakers and other stakeholders, including school administrators and parents, should increase opportunities for young people to participate in daily PA as well as explore solutions to address excessive screen time and short sleep duration to improve the overall physical and mental health and well-being of children

Thinness, overweight, and obesity in 6‐ to 9‐year‐old children from 36 countries: The World Health Organization European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative - COSI 2015-2017

In 2015-2017, the fourth round of the World Health Organization (WHO) European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) was conducted in 36 countries. National representative samples of children aged 6–9 (203,323) were measured by trained staff, with similar equipment and using a standardized protocol. This paper assesses the children's body weight status and compares the burden of childhood overweight, obesity, and thinness in Northern, Eastern, and Southern Europe and Central Asia. The results show great geographic variability in height, weight, and body mass index. On average, the children of Northern Europe were the tallest, those of Southern Europe the heaviest, and the children living in Central Asia the lightest and the shortest. Overall, 28.7% of boys and 26.5% of girls were overweight (including obesity) and 2.5% and 1.9%, respectively, were thin according to the WHO definitions. The prevalence of obesity varied from 1.8% of boys and 1.1% of girls in Tajikistan to 21.5% and 19.2%, respectively, in Cyprus, and tended to be higher for boys than for girls. Levels of thinness, stunting, and underweight were relatively low, except in Eastern Europe (for thinness) and in Central Asia. Despite the efforts to halt it, unhealthy weight status is still an important problem in the WHO European Region.The authors gratefully acknowledge support from a grant from the Russian Government in the context of the WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of NCDs. Data collection in the countries was made possible through funding from the following: Albania: WHO through the Joint Programme on Children, Food Security and Nutrition “Reducing Malnutrition in Children,” funded by the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund, and the Institute of Public Health; Austria: Federal Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection, Republic of Austria; Bulgaria: Ministry of Health, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, WHO Regional Office for Europe; Croatia: Ministry of Health, Croatian Institute of Public Health and WHO Regional Office for Europe; Czechia: Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, grants AZV MZČR 17-31670 A and MZČR – RVO EÚ 00023761; Cyprus: not available; Denmark: Danish Ministry of Health; Estonia: Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Education and Research (IUT 42-2), WHO Country Office, and National Institute for Health Development; Finland: Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare; France: Santé publique France, the French Agency for Public Health; Georgia: WHO; Greece: International Hellenic University and Hellenic Medical Association for Obesity; Hungary: WHO Country Office for Hungary; Ireland: Health Service Executive; Italy: Ministry of Health and Italian National Institute of Health; Kazakhstan: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan and WHO Country Office; Kyrgyzstan: World Health Organization; Latvia: Ministry of Health, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; Lithuania: Science Foundation of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences and Lithuanian Science Council and WHO; Malta: Ministry of Health; Montenegro: WHO and Institute of Public Health of Montenegro; North Macedonia: funded by the Government of North Macedonia through National Annual Program of Public Health and implemented by the Institute of Public Health and Centers of Public Health in the country. WHO country office provided support for training and data management; Norway: Ministry of Health and Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Poland: National Health Programme, Ministry of Health; Portugal: Ministry of Health Institutions, the National Institute of Health, Directorate General of Health, Regional Health Directorates and the kind technical support from the Center for Studies and Research on Social Dynamics and Health (CEIDSS); Romania: Ministry of Health; Russian Federation: WHO; San Marino: Health Ministry, Educational Ministry, Social Security Institute and Health Authority; Serbia: World Health Organization (Ref. File 2015-540940); Slovakia: Biennial Collaborative Agreement between WHO Regional Office for Europe and Ministry of Health SR; Slovenia: Ministry of Education, Science and Sport of the Republic of Slovenia within the SLOfit surveillance system; Spain: Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN); Sweden: Public Health Agency of Sweden; Tajikistan: WHO Country Office in Tajikistan and Ministry of Health and Social Protection; Turkmenistan: WHO Country Office in Turkmenistan and Ministry of Health; Turkey: Turkish Ministry of Health and World Bank.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Socio-Economic Differences in Cardiovascular Health: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study in a Middle-Income Country.

A relatively consistent body of literature, mainly from high-income countries, supports an inverse association between socio-economic status (SES) and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Data from low- and middle-income countries are scarce. This study explores SES differences in cardiovascular health (CVH) in the Republic of Srpska (RS), Bosnia and Herzegovina, a middle-income country.We collected information on SES (education, employment status and household's relative economic status, i.e. household wealth) and the 7 ideal CVH components (smoking status, body mass index, physical activity, diet, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and fasting blood glucose) among 3601 participants 25 years of age and older, from the 2010 National Health Survey in the RS. Based on the sum of all 7 CVH components an overall CVH score (CVHS) was calculated ranging from 0 (all CVH components at poor levels) to 14 (all CVH components at ideal levels). To assess the differences between groups the chi-square test, t-test and ANOVA were used where appropriate. The association between SES and CVHS was analysed with multivariate linear regression analyses. The dependent variable was CVHS, while independent variables were educational level, employment status and wealth index.According to multiple linear regression analysis CVHS was independently associated with education attainment and employment status. Participants with higher educational attainment and those economically active had higher CVHS (b = 0.57; CI = 0.29-0.85 and b = 0.27; CI = 0.10-0.44 respectively) after adjustment for sex, age group, type of settlement, and marital status. We failed to find any statistically significant difference between the wealth index and CVHS.This study presents the novel information, since CVHS generated from the individual CVH components was not compared by socio-economic status till now. Our finding that the higher overall CVHS was independently associated with a higher education attainment and those economically active supports the importance of reducing socio-economic inequalities in CVH in RS

Anthropometric and growth characteristics of schoolchildren in Novi Sad

Introduction/Objective. Growth, development and maturation are periods marked with individual physical characteristics, which provide the insight into the health status together with anthropometric indicators and physical appearance of an individual. The aim was to determine body height and body weight of a representative sample of schoolchildren from Novi Sad, to make a comparative analysis in relation to age and gender, and to determine the beginning of accelerated growth. Methods. Sample included 11,676 pupils aged 6–15 years, from Novi Sad, Serbia. The basic anthropometric measurements (body height and body weight) were performed according to recommended methodology. Results. The average values of boys’ body height ranged from 125.39 cm in those aged up to six years, to 175.09 cm for boys aged 15, and in girls from 124.07 cm at the age of six, to 165.77 cm for the oldest examined girls. The average values of boys’ body weight ranged from 25.58 kg at the age of six to 61.38 kg at the age of 15, and in girls from 23.94 kg in youngest to 54.46 kg, at the age of 15. The analysis of body weight and body height relation in the sample of boys and girls showed significant differences in all age groups, being most significant in boys aged from 11 to 13 years and in girls aged from nine to 12 years, marking the beginning of the rapid growth period. Conclusion. Having analyzed two basic anthropometric characteristics, i.e. body height and body weight, the authors found significant differences in the increase of these characteristics among the age groups of the study sample. In addition, the results of this research are in accordance with those reported in literature, which suggest that a sudden ponderal and statural growth starts earlier in girls than in boys

Change in mean CVHS among health survey participants by SES indicators in models variously standardized.

<p>CVHS—Cardiovascular health score; SES—socio-economic status; ULR—Univariate linear regression; MLR—Multivariate linear regression. Economically active − employed and unemployed); Economically inactive—people looking after a home or family, retired, students and disabled.</p><p>*additionally significant: Middle age x High educational level (-0.12 (-0.20 to -0.04)); Middle age x Economically active (0.08 (0.06 to 0.27)); Female x Middle educational level (0.14 (0.06 to 0.22)) and Female x High educational level (0.08 (0.01 to 0.16)).</p><p>Change in mean CVHS among health survey participants by SES indicators in models variously standardized.</p