The 737 graphite composite flight spoiler flight service evaluation

The flight-service experience of 110 graphite-epoxy spoilers on 737 transport aircraft and related ground-based environmental exposure of graphite-epoxy material specimens is reported. Spoilers were installed on each of 27 aircraft representing seven major airlines operating throughout the world. Based on visual, ultrasonic, and destructive testing, there is no evidence of moisture migration into the honeycomb core and no core corrosion. Tests of removed spoilers and of ground-based exposure specimens after the second year of service indicate modest changes in composite strength

The 737 graphite composite flight spoiler flight service evaluation

The flight service experience of 108 graphite-epoxy spoilers on 737 transport aircraft, and related ground-based environmental exposure of graphite-epoxy material specimens were evaluated. Four spoilers were installed on each of 27 aircraft for a 5-year study. As of February 28, 1975, a total of 294,280 spoiler flight-hours and 460,686 spoiler landings were accumulated. Based on visual, ultrasonic, and destructive testing, no moisture migration into the honeycomb core and no core corrosion has occurred. Tests of removed spoilers and of ground-based exposure specimens after the first year of service indicate no significant changes in composite strength

New theoretical method for calculating the radiative association cross section of a triatomic molecule: Application to N2-H-

We present a new theoretical method to treat the atom diatom radiative association within a time independent approach. This method is an adaptation of the driven equations method developed for photodissociation. The bound states energies and wave functions of the molecule are calculated exactly and used to propagate the overlap with the initial scattering wave function. In the second part of this paper, this approach is applied to the radiative association of the N2H- anion. The main features of the radiative association cross sections are analysed and the magnitude of the calculated rate coefficient at 10 Kelvin is used to discuss the existence of the N2H- in the interstellar medium which could be used as a tracer of both N2 and H-

Preliminary design of graphite composite wing panels for commercial transport aircraft

Subjectively assessed practical and producible graphite/epoxy designs were subjected to a multilevel screening procedure which considered structural functions, efficiency, manufacturing and producibility, costs, maintainability, and inspectability. As each progressive screening level was reviewed, more definitive information on the structural efficiency (weight), manufacturing, and inspection procedures was established to support the design selection. The configuration features that enhance producibility of the final selected design can be used as a generic base for application to other wing panel designs. The selected panel design showed a weight saving of 25 percent over a conventional aluminum design meeting the same design requirements. The estimated cost reduction in manufacturing was 20 percent, based on 200 aircraft and projected 1985 automated composites manufacturing capability. The panel design background information developed will be used in the follow-on tasks to ensure that future panel development represents practical and producible design approaches to graphite/epoxy wing surface panels

Le trafic d’enfants albanais comme déficit de citoyenneté

Le trafic d’êtres humains émerge de profondes mutations sociales et économiques, qui interdisent de naturaliser le phénomène en l’attribuant à une « mentalité » particulière. Sortie du totalitarisme, l’Albanie expérimente une libéralisation rapide guère favorable à l’émergence d’acteurs collectifs et de pratiques citoyennes. Parmi les conséquences du déficit de participation démocratique, le trafic d’enfants appelle des médiations sociales. L’article privilégie les dimensions sociales du trafic et la perspective de l’acteur social comme complément de l’approche légale dominante.Trafficking human beings stems from deep social and economical transformations, and the phenomenon cannot be attributed to a particular “mentality”. After its totalitarian period, Albania faces a rapid liberalisation hardly conducive to collective actors and practices linked to citizenship. Among the consequences of the deficit of democratic participation, child trafficking calls for social mediations. The article emphasizes the social dimensions of trafficking and the perspective of the social actor as a complement to the legal dominant approach

Rôle des leucocytes infectés du sperme dans la transmission muqueuse du VIH : modèle expérimental de l’infection par le SIVmac251 de Macaca fascicularis

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection mostly spreads by the mucosal route: sexual transmission is the dominant mode of transmission, responsible for between 85% and 90% of cases of infection worldwide. These epidemiological data indicate that semen is one of the major sources of HIV-1 transmission. Semen, like other bodily secretions involved in HIV sexual transmission, contains the virus as two forms: cell-free viral particles and cell-associated virus, mostly in infected leukocytes. Although cell-to-cell HIV transmission has been extensively described as more efficient, rapid and resistant to host immune responses, very few studies have investigated the role in vivo of infected leukocytes in virus mucosal transmission. One such study has been recently conducted in our lab, and demonstrated that SIV-infected splenocytes are able to transmit infection to female macaques after vaginal exposure. However, all these studies used immune cells from peripheral blood or lymphoid tissues, such as spleen, and none have investigated the capacity of infected leukocytes in semen to transmit the infection in vivo. Indeed, nature, phenotype and infectivity of HIV associated with semen leukocytes may be different from that of HIV from other sources.Therefore, the objectives of this work are, first, to study of semen leukocytes and their dynamics during SIVmac251 infection in detail, then to investigate seminal factors that may influence semen infectiousness, and finally to test semen leukocyte infectivity in vitro and in vivo, using a model of mucosal exposure in cynomolgus macaques.Macaque semen contains all the target cells for HIV/SIV: CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells in lower proportions. Semen CD4+ T cells and macrophages display an activation, differenciation and expression of migration markers profile which is typical of mucosal leucocytes. SIV infection induces significant changes in their phenotype and dynamics. Both cell types can be productively infected and are found in the semen at all stages of infection. These observations suggest that semen CD4+ T cells and macrophages may be able to transmit infection after mucosal exposure.If the role of semen infected leukocytes in HIV/SIV mucosal transmission is confirmed in vivo, this mechanism will be important to consider for further preventive strategies design, like microbicides.Aujourd’hui, plus de 80% des nouvelles infections par le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH) se produisent au cours d’un rapport sexuel, avec une transmission du virus par voie muqueuse. Le sperme constitue donc une source majeure de virus à l’échelle mondiale. Le sperme d’hommes infectés par le VIH contient le virus sous deux formes : des particules virales libres et des cellules infectées, principalement des leucocytes.Plusieurs hypothèses ont été proposées afin d’expliquer le passage du virus à travers la barrière muqueuse, qu’il s’agisse d’une muqueuse génitale (cervico-vaginale, pénienne ou urétrale) ou intestinale (muqueuse anale ou rectale). Toutefois, une grande majorité des études qui ont été menées jusqu’à présent se sont concentrées sur le rôle des particules virales libres, et celui des cellules infectées demeure mal compris. Une étude menée dans notre laboratoire a montré que des leucocytes infectés par le virus de l’immunodéficience simienne (VIS) sont capables de transmettre l’infection après inoculation vaginale.Le projet de cette thèse est d’étudier le rôle des leucocytes infectés présents dans le sperme de macaque dans la transmission muqueuse du VIS/VIH. Ainsi, trois axes d’étude principaux ont été définis: 1) l’étude des leucocytes présents dans le sperme de macaque cynomolgus, et de l’influence que peut avoir l’infection par le VIS sur eux ; 2) l’identification des cellules immunitaires infectées présentes dans le sperme de macaque, et l’étude de leur dynamique au cours de l’infection par le VIS. ; 3) l’étude du pouvoir infectieux des deux principales cellules cibles pour le VIS/VIH : les lymphocytes CD4+ (LT CD4+) et les macrophages, in vitro et in vivo, après inoculation rectale et vaginale à des macaques cynomolgus.Le sperme de macaque contient toutes les cellules cibles du VIS/VIH : des lymphocytes T CD4+ (LTCD4+), des macrophages et des cellules dendritiques dans une moindre proportion). Les LTCD4+ et les macrophages du sperme présentent un phénotype d’activation, de différenciation et d’expression de marqueurs de migration typique des leucocytes résidant dans les tissus muqueux. L’infection par le VIS induit des changements significatifs dans leur phénotype et leur dynamique. Ces deux types cellulaires peuvent être infectés de façon productive et sont présents dans le sperme à tous les stades de l’infection. Ces données suggèrent que les LTCD4+ et les macrophages du sperme seraient capables de transmettre l’infection par voie muqueuse.Si le rôle des leucocytes infectés du sperme est confirmé in vivo, il sera important à l’avenir de prendre en compte ce mécanisme de transmission dans le développement de nouvelles stratégies préventives de l’infection par le VIH, notamment les microbicides

Electron-impact rotational and hyperfine excitation of HCN, HNC, DCN and DNC

Rotational excitation of isotopologues of HCN and HNC by thermal electron-impact is studied using the molecular {\bf R}-matrix method combined with the adiabatic-nuclei-rotation (ANR) approximation. Rate coefficients are obtained for electron temperatures in the range 5$-$6000 K and for transitions among all levels up to J=8. Hyperfine rates are also derived using the infinite-order-sudden (IOS) scaling method. It is shown that the dominant rotational transitions are dipole allowed, that is those for which $\Delta J=1$. The hyperfine propensity rule $\Delta J=\Delta F$ is found to be stronger than in the case of He$-$HCN collisions. For dipole allowed transitions, electron-impact rates are shown to exceed those for excitation of HCN by He atoms by 6 orders of magnitude. As a result, the present rates should be included in any detailed population model of isotopologues of HCN and HNC in sources where the electron fraction is larger than 10$^{-6}$, for example in interstellar shocks and comets.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, accepted in MNRAS (2007 september 3