Deer foraging on forest plantations

Hjortdjurs födoval är komplext och beroende av en mängd faktorer, exempelvis preferens, plats och säsong. I Sverige använder hjortdjuren hyggen för födosök, eftersom de håller stor mängd föda i förhållande till den uppvuxna skogen. Därför placerades viltkameror med rörelseutlösning på nyupptagna hyggen för att bestämma hur ofta arterna älg, rådjur, kronvilt och dovvilt besöker hyggen för födosök. Det undersöktes även fördelning av bete i fält- och buskskikt och val av växtarter, samt hur födovalen förändras med säsongen. Av alla observationer som gjordes betades det på ca 20% av bilderna. Rådjur betade mest i relation till sitt antal observationer och kronvilt betade minst. Hyggen besöktes mest under vinterhalvåret. Alla hjortdjur betade mer på vintern än sommaren, förutom dovvilt betade ungefär lika mycket sommar som vinter. Samtliga hjortdjur betade totalt >85% i fältskikt, utom älg som betade >85% i buskskikt. Slutligen vilken växtart som betades var svårt att avgöra på bilderna och resulterade i >84% obestämbart. Detta resultat kunde inte analyseras vidare. Eftersom övervägande andel av observationer och betningsobservationer var under vinterhalvåret indikerar det att hjortdjuren är mer beroende av hyggen som foderkälla under vinterhalvåret, än sommarhalvåret. Älg betade mer i buskskikt än fältskikt vilket kan medföra risk att den skadar framtida produktionsträd. Övriga hjortdjur betade mer i fältskikt än buskskikt vilket medför risk att de hindrar rekrytering av lövträdsarter i barrplantager.Foraging habits of deer are complex and depends on multiple factors, like preference, location and season of the year. In Sweden all deer species use forest plantations for their foraging, since these locations hold larger amounts of food compared to a mature forest. The aim of this paper is to gain greater understanding on how deer forage on forest plantations. Trail cameras were placed on forest plantations to study the deer species roe deer, red deer, fallow deer and moose. The cameras used motion detection to capture information about the deer species visit, the distribution of foraging on field-layer and bush-layer and choice of plant species, also how these habits vary with the seasons. Deer were browsing on app. 20% of all observations. Roe deer browsed the most in relation to its number and red deer browsed the least. The forest plantations were mostly visited during winter. All deer species browsed more during winter compared to summer, except fallow deer that browsed about the same amount winter and summer. All deer browsed in total >85% in field-layer, except moose that browsed >85% in bush-layer. Lastly it was hard to see the plant species choice on the pichtures, the majority of plant choice was indeterminable. This result could not further be analyzed. The results indicated that deer might be more dependent on forest plantations for foraging during winter, compared to summer. Moose browsed more in bush-layer, than field-layer, and therefor might damage the future trees of economic value. All other deer browsed more in field-layer which can hinder recruitment of deciduous tree species into the conifer plantations

Eddy Current Thickness Measurement of the Zink Layer on Galvanized Steel Wires

By resolving Maxwell’s Equations for the case of a long coil encircling a galvanized wire (fig.l), we can calculate the normalized impedance diagram. Later, during the experiments, we will directly use this diagram to find the thickness of the zinc layer. Before resolving Maxwell’s Equations, a few words about the normalized impedance diagram in general. Figure 2 shows the normalized impedance diagram for the simple case of a long coil encircling a wire made out of a homogeneous conductive material of permeability µr and with a fill factor equal to one. A fill factor, η=a2/c2 (fig. 3), equal to one, means that there is no air between the coil and the wire. The x axis represents the normalized resistance (1) (Rp−Re)/ωLe, where Rp is the real component of the impedance Zp of the coil when there is a part inside the coil, Re and ωLe are respectively the real and the imaginary components of Ze when the coil is empty

Consequences of cervical pessary for subsequent pregnancy : follow-up of randomized clinical trial (ProTWIN)

Funding Information: B.W.M. is supported by a NHMRC Investigator grant (GNT1176437). B.W.M. reports consultancy for ObsEva and has received research funding from Guerbet, Ferring and Merck. The original ProTWIN trial was funded by ZonMW grant 200310004. We did not receive any funding for this follow‐up research.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Immigration and the Common Profit: Native Cloth Workers, Flemish Exiles, and Royal Policy in Fourteenth-Century London

Drawing on a wide variety of published and unpublished sources, this article reconstructs a crucial episode in the relationship between the English Crown, its native subjects and the kingdom’s immigrant population during the later Middle Ages. Determined that their presence would boost the development of the local textile industries, Edward III encouraged high numbers of skilled Flemish cloth workers who had been exiled from their home county at the start of the 1350s to settle in the realm. Most of them took up residence in London, where they produced higher-quality cloth for the domestic market and, probably, for export. Soon, however, the immigrants’ activities conflicted with the privileges that had structured the capital’s economic life for centuries. Their work was contested by London’s native weavers who, since the middle of the twelfth century, had enjoyed the sole right to produce cloth in the city. Hoping that the control over the immigrants’ activities would help them to overcome the crisis in the market for lower-quality textiles they were struggling with, the natives petitioned the king to obtain the incorporation of the Flemish weavers into their guild for over twenty-five years. Yet, arguing that the Flemings’ contribution benefited the common profit of the whole kingdom in a way that transcended the interests of any particular group, the Crown rejected all their requests and avoided every attempt at discussion. Each time political communication broke down, the native weavers took out their frustrations by physically attacking their Flemish counterparts. These incidents became increasingly violent during the years leading up to the Peasants’ Revolt in 1381 and came to a dramatic conclusion during the rebellion itself

Long-term outcomes following antenatal exposure to low-dose aspirin: study protocol for the 4-year follow-up of the APRIL randomised controlled trial

Introduction The use of low-dose aspirin by pregnant women to prevent preterm pre-eclampsia is gradually increasing. The administration of aspirin during pregnancy improves perinatal outcome, which could translate into improved child outcome in the long term. However, antenatal exposure to aspirin could have adverse effects on child development that may manifest later in life. The aim of this follow-up study is to assess the long-term effects of antenatal exposure to low-dose aspirin compared with placebo on survival, (neuro)development, behaviour and general health at 4 years corrected age. Methods and analysis This is a follow-up study of the Dutch double-blind randomised controlled APRIL trial which assessed the effectiveness of treatment with aspirin (80 mg daily) compared with placebo for the prevention of preterm birth in women with a previous spontaneous preterm birth. Treatment was initiated before 16 weeks of gestation and continued until 36 weeks or birth. We aim to follow-up all 379 children born to women who participated in the APRIL trial and survived the neonatal period, at the corrected age of 4 years. The main outcomes are (neuro)development as assessed by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, and behaviour as assessed by the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. Additional outcomes include mortality, growth and general health from birth up to 4 years, and a composite outcome including mortality, abnormal (neuro)development and problem behaviour. Analyses will be performed by intention-to-treat using a superiority design. Ethics and dissemination Institutional Review Board approval was obtained from the Medical Research Ethics Committee from Amsterdam Medical Center (no. W20 289#20.325). The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at conferences. Trial registration number The APRIL trial (NTR5675, NL5553; EudraCT number 2015-003220-31) and the APRIL follow-up study (NL8950) are registered in the Dutch trial register. The study is funded by the Amsterdam Reproduction & Development research institute

Pessary or progesterone to prevent preterm birth in women with short cervical length.: Protocol of the 4–6 year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial (Quadruple-P)

INTRODUCTION: Vaginal progesterone and a cervical pessary are both interventions that are investigated for the prevention of preterm birth (PTB). Thus far, beneficial or harmful effects of these interventions on long-term child health and development are described, but evidence is not robust enough to draw firm conclusions. With this follow-up study, we intent to investigate if progesterone or a pessary is superior for the prevention of PTB considering the child's health at 4-6 years of corrected age. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This study is a follow-up study of the Quadruple-P trial; a multicentre, randomised clinical trial (NL42926.018.13, Eudractnumber 2013-002884-24) which randomises women with an asymptomatic midtrimester short cervix to daily progesterone or a pessary for the prevention of PTB. All children born to mothers who participated in the Quadruple-P study (n=628 singletons and n=332 multiples) will be eligible for follow-up at 4-6 years of corrected age. Children will be assessed using parental questionnaires. Main outcomes are child (neuro)development and behaviour. Other outcomes include child mortality, growth and general health. A composite of adverse child outcomes will be compared between the progesterone and pessary groups reporting OR and the corresponding 95% CI. Analyses will be performed separately for singletons and multiples and using the intention-to-treat approach. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The Medical Research Ethics Committee from Amsterdam UMC confirmed that de Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (WMO) did not apply to our study (W20_481 #20.531). Results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and shared with stakeholders and participants. This protocol is published before analysis of the results. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Dutch Trial Register (NL9646)

Patrimônio e desenvolvimento: as políticas de patrimônio cultural nos anos 1960

This article aims at analyzing aspects of 1960s Brazilian cultural heritage policies, highlighting changes related to the articulation of concepts such as development, culture and heritage within the Directory of National Historical and Artistic Heritage - DPHAN, today Institute of National Historical and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN). It discusses the effects of industrialization, urban growth and development improvement measures on heritage concepts and policies, analyzing initiatives that focus on preserving cultural assets acknowledged as national historical and artistic heritage and enhancing their economical potential. The discussion emphasizes notions and understandings on heritage and preservation that had substantial bearing on preservation measures carried on by DPHAN from the 1960s on regarding the identification, valorization and protection of cultural heritage, as well as the disciplinary and institutional debates this Directory proposed.O objetivo deste artigo é analisar especificidades dos anos 1960 no que diz respeito às políticas de patrimônio, destacando algumas mudanças de entendimentos, noções e propostas, notadamente referentes às relações entre desenvolvimento, cultura e patrimônio trabalhadas pelo Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional, então Diretoria do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (DPHAN). Para tanto, vai-se partir das discussões e debates desse momento acerca dos efeitos da industrialização, do crescimento urbano e das políticas desenvolvimentistas sobre as políticas de patrimônio a partir dessa década, analisando as iniciativas voltadas à patrimonialização de bens culturais, à preservação do acervo que compunha o patrimônio histórico e artístico nacional e ao fomento de suas potencialidades econômicas. Na discussão proposta neste artigo, priorizar-se-ão os entendimentos e ações de preservação da DPHAN relacionados a identificação, valoração e proteção dos bens culturais, assim como os diálogos disciplinares e institucionais que a diretoria procurou estabelecer

Approche dans la reconstruction d'images pour radiomètric à synthèse d'ouverture

Untersuchung verschiedener Fehlerkorrekturverfahren und Rekonstruktionsalgorithmen für spektrale Apertursynthese Radiometerdaten