Investigation of Renewable Aqueous Surfactant and Hydrotope Solution Viscosities with a Falling-ball Viscometer

Surfactants are known to affect evaporation performance of solutions and are studied in relation to water loss prevention and heat dissipation. The purpose of this research is to measure the viscosity of surfactant solutions to investigate the effect of surfactant and hydrotope concentration on evaporation.This research is conducted with a falling ball viscometer, used for measuring viscosity and capable of measuring viscosity in centipoise (cP). The surfactant solution viscosities are obtained (EH-14 and SA-9 with hydrotopes Polyglycol P-1000TB and Triton H-66) at different concentrations. The plastic or stainless-steel ball, which has a known density and mass, is dropped from a ball-release mechanism and then time duration from two sets of marks at the tube is measured. Once timing data is collected, the viscosity of the solution is calculated using the equation. After that, the data is collected weekly for evaporation studies to measure the effect of surfactants and hydrotopes on water evaporation. The lab temperature and humidity were also recorded with humidity/temperature chart recorder

Microgravity Ant Pathfinding Study (MAPS) & Crystalline Ordered Spread Micro-Gravity Observation (COSMO) Experimental Payloads

Microgravity Ant Pathfinding Study (MAPS) & Crystalline Ordered Spread Micro-Gravity Observation (COSMO) Experimental Payloads MAPS & COSMO is a dual payload experiment which is aimed at expanding the fields of robotics and materials science. The first payload, Micro-gravity Ant Pathfinding Study (MAPS), will observe and analyze the Camponotus Floridanus species of ants’ pathfinding ability while in micro-gravity. Using control groups on the ground, the ants’ pathfinding ability will be quantified and compared to that of their counterparts, Tetramorium Caespitum species of ants’, during the micro-gravity trials. This analysis will help us to further understand the way multiple autonomous constructs interact and the benefits of emergent intelligence. The second payload, the Crystalline Ordered Spread Micro-Gravity Observation (COSMO), will grow aluminum sulfate in micro-gravity to be collected and analyzed, once back on Earth. It is theorized that due to the lack of strong gravitational forces, the molecular and atomic structures can grow more slowly, thus forming more perfectly to create stronger and more efficient crystalline lattices and matrices. This phenomenon can be exploited and applied to the development of crystalline structures in other materials such as semi-conductors

The role of effectors in nonhost resistance to filamentous plant pathogens

In nature, most plants are resistant to a wide range of phytopathogens. However, mechanisms contributing to this so-called nonhost resistance (NHR) are poorly understood. Besides constitutive defences, plants have developed two layers of inducible defence systems. Plant innate immunity relies on recognition of conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In compatible interactions, pathogenicity effector molecules secreted by the invader can suppress host defence responses and facilitate the infection process. Additionally, plants have evolved pathogen-specific resistance mechanisms based on recognition of these effectors, which causes secondary defence responses. The current effector-driven hypothesis is that nonhost resistance in plants that are distantly related to the host plant is triggered by PAMP recognition that cannot be efficiently suppressed by the pathogen, whereas in more closely related species, nonhost recognition of effectors would play a crucial role. In this review we give an overview of current knowledge of the role of effector molecules in host and nonhost resistance and place these findings in the context of the model. We focus on examples from filamentous pathogens (fungi and oomycetes), discuss their implications for the field of plant-pathogen interactions and relevance in plant breeding strategies for development of durable resistance in crops

COLECCIÓN LUIS SUÁREZ GALVÁN [Material gráfico]

Copia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. Subdirección General de Coordinación Bibliotecaria, 201

Studies on the rhetoric in Jakob Böhme's "MORGEN-RÖTE"

Die literaturwissenschaftliche Studie widmet sich der Rhetorik in der „MORGEN- RÖTE“ von Jakob Böhme. Über eine Analyse der sprachlichen Mikrostrukturen werden die philosophischen Makrostrukturen des Textes erschlossen. Die Böhmesche Philosophie erwächst aus der sprachlichen Kunstfertigkeit des Werks. Die Rhetorik der „MORGEN-RÖTE“ lässt sich als stilistisch und nicht- argumentativ charakterisieren. Bezeichnend für den Text sind seine anhaltend variierenden Beschreibungsmodi, seine überwiegend visuell orientierte Bildlich- und empirisierende Exempelhaftigkeit. Weitere sprachliche Spezifika werden als „synthetische Rhetorik“ und „negative Rhetorik“ gekennzeichnet: Böhme vereinigt in seinem Erstlingswerk frühneuzeitliche Denkströmungen, Religion und Empirie, Offenbarung und Kognition uvm.; durch kalkulierte semantische Offenheiten werden Zirkulationen zwischen Topoi geschaffen und Erkenntnisgewinne durch den Leser angestoßen.This literary study is concerned with rhetoric in Jakob Böhme’s „MORGEN-RÖTE“. The philosophical macrostructures are investigated through an analysis of the language microstructures. Böhme’s philosophy grows out of the linguistic virtuosity of the work. The rhetoric of “MORGEN-RÖTE” can be characterized as stylistic and non-argumentative. The text is distinguished by constantly varying descriptive methods, predominantely visually oriented imagery and the use of empiricising examples. Further specifics of the language techniques are referred to as “synthetic rhetoric” and “negative rhetoric”: In his first work Böhme unifies early modern lines of thouhgt, religion and empiricism, revelation and cognition etc.; through calculated semantic blanks, circulations between topoi are created and insights are triggered in the reader

Substitutions of two amino acids in the nucleotide-binding site domain of a resistance protein enhance the hypersensitive response and enlarge the PM3F resistance spectrum in wheat

Proteins with nucleotide-binding site (NBS) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains are major components of the plant immune system. They usually mediate resistance against a subgroup of races of a specific pathogen. For the allelic series of the wheat powdery mildew resistance gene Pm3, alleles with a broad and a narrow resistance spectrum have been described. Here, we show that a broad Pm3 spectrum range correlates with a fast and intense hypersensitive response (HR) in a Nicotiana transient-expression system and this activity can be attributed to two particular amino acids in the ARC2 subdomain of the NBS. The combined substitution of these amino acids in narrow-spectrum PM3 proteins enhances their capacity to induce an HR in Nicotiana benthamiana, and we demonstrate that these substitutions also enlarge the resistance spectrum of the Pm3f allele in wheat. Finally, using Bph14, we show that the region carrying the relevant amino acids also plays a role in the HR regulation of another coiled-coil NBS-LRR resistance protein. These results highlight the importance of an optimized NBS-'molecular switch' for the conversion of initial pathogen perception by the LRR into resistance-protein activation, and we describe a possible approach to extend the effectiveness of resistance genes via minimal targeted modifications in the NBS domain